2. Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU

Objective: To evaluate the effect on the satisfaction of nursing students and the participants of Service-Learning methodology in the development of Health Education workshops. Materials and methods: Service-Learning project was designed in four stages: 1) students training in knowledge about Community Nursing and Health Education; 2) development of healthy workshops for its implementation in associations; 3) implementation of the workshops; 4) reflection on Service-Learning impact. An ad hoc questionnaire was developed to assess students’ satisfaction. It was also evaluated the workshops’ participant’s satisfaction. Results: students reported having a very high level of satisfaction by increasing their scores after improving Service-Learning methodology in the subject. In addition, participants who received health promotion workshops developed by nursing students reported a positive impact on their health. Conclusion: development of Service-Learning methodology associated with health education implies high level of satisfaction in nursing students and a social impact for the community.

Background: Virtual reality (VR) is used as a distraction measure during painful clinical procedures associated with the use of needles. These procedures include vaccinations, blood draws, or the administration of medications, which can cause children to feel increased levels of pain and fear. Objective: The objective of this study was to collect and analyze the current evidence regarding the effectiveness of VR as a tool to distract children from pain and fear during needle procedures as compared to that of standard techniques. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed. We included randomized clinical trials (RCTs) or quasi-RCTs with participants younger than 21 years who underwent needle procedures in which the main distraction measure used was VR and where the main outcome measure was pain. The databases searched included the PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Cochrane libraries. In this systematic review, the studies were analyzed by applying the Critical Appraisal Skills Program guide in Spanish and the Jadad scale. In the meta-analysis, the effect size of the studies was analyzed based on the results for pain and fear in children. Results: From 665 unique search results, 21 studies were included in this systematic review, most of which reported low methodological quality. The study sample cohorts ranged from a minimum of 15 participants to a maximum of 220 participants. Ten studies were included in the meta-analysis. The global effect of using VR as a distraction measure was a significant reduction in pain (inverse variance [IV] –2.37, 95% CI –3.20 to –1.54; Z=5.58; P<.001) and fear (IV –1.26, 95% CI –1.89 to –0.63; Z=3.92; P<.001) in children in the experimental groups. Conclusions: The quality of the studies was mostly low. The main limitations were the impossibility of blinding the participants and health care personnel to the VR intervention. Nonetheless, the use of VR as a distraction measure was effective in reducing pain and fear in children during procedures involving needles.

The movement restrictions put in place as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic required modification of the population’s usual routines, including those of the most vulnerable groups such as patients with schizophrenia. This was a retrospective observational study. We used an online survey to collect information on patient adherence to the Mediterranean diet (Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener questionnaire), physical exercise (International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form), and tobacco consumption and levels of anxiety and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) before and during the movement restrictions. A total of 102 people with schizophrenia participated in this study. During the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown the participants significantly increased the number of minutes spent sitting per day (z = 􀀀6.73; p < 0.001), decreased the time they spent walking (z = 􀀀6.32; p < 0.001), and increased their tobacco consumption (X2 = 156.90; p < 0.001). These results were also accompanied by a significant increase in their reported levels of anxiety (z = 􀀀7.45; p < 0.001) and depression (z = 􀀀7.03, p < 0.001). No significant differences in patient diets during the pandemic compared to before the movement restrictions were reported. These results suggest the need to implement specific programs to improve lifestyle and reduce anxiety and depression during possible future pandemic situations.

The present study aimed to investigate the perceived changes in lifestyle behaviors among Spanish university students during COVID-19-related confinement. An observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional survey study was conducted during April 2020. Sociodemographic and anthropometric data were then obtained. The FANTASTIC questionnaire was used to assess the lifestyles of the 488 participants who took part in the study. Of the participants, 76.3% were female. Overall, the lifestyles of university students significantly deteriorated during the period of confinement caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain. University female students were especially affected compared to their male fellows (p = 0.010). For women, social and family relationships (p < 0.001), personality (p < 0.001), interior (p < 0.001), and career (p < 0.001) were the aspects that worsened during confinement. For men, lack of physical exercise (p < 0.001), social and family relationships (p < 0.001), and career (p = 0.002) were affected to a greater extent. In both cases, confinement was a protective factor against the consumption of tobacco, toxins (p < 0.001), and alcohol (p < 0.001). Gender (p = 0.008) and obesity (p = 0.044) were the two factors that most affected the change in the score of the FANTASTIC questionnaire. Spanish university students’ lifestyles worsened during the lockdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, especially those of women, who were the most affected. Some aspects, such as those related to social and emotional behaviors, were deeply affected, while confinement could be a protective factor against previous toxic habits.

Afrontar el final de una vida enferma para lograr una buena muerte requiere de unas necesidades tan genuinamente humanas que la ciencia y la técnica médica resultan insuficientes para satisfacerlas. Pero esta limitación no constituye una negación total de la existencia de elementos positivos en la inevitable tecnificación del proceso de morir que podrían contribuir a su humanización. Tras una revisión analítica de trabajos sobre los cuidados del enfermo que va a morir, concluimos que algunas razones, verdades y aspectos de la muerte, ni la ciencia ni la técnica médica logran entenderlas, y que, por tanto, son insuficientes para abordarla humanamente. En conclusión, proponemos los cuidados paliativos como la mejor alternativa para humanizar la muerte y contrarrestar algunos efectos negativos de su tecnificación actual.

Las enfermeras se enfrentan diariamente a desafíos éticos y a dilemas morales. Su labor se encuentra identificada con los más altos valores morales y sociales: la vida humana, la dignidad de la persona y la libertad, lo que convierte a la enfermería en una auténtica práctica moral. Esta condición exige que sus profesionales deban desarrollar tanto la competencia técnica, como la capacidad moral, inspirada en la dimensión solidaria que aparece ante la vulnerabilidad del ser humano y que obliga al profesional a perseguir la excelencia moral a través de la instrucción en el conocimiento de las leyes y los principios morales, y a adquirir y poner en práctica las virtudes que permitan alcanzar el bien interno de la profesión. El objetivo de este estudio es identificar y describir las virtudes que las enfermeras deben adquirir para desarrollar su labor de forma excelente. Así pues, la enfermera que adquiera las virtudes de humildad, prudencia, confianza, fidelidad, diligencia, veracidad, discreción, empatía, sensibilidad, respeto, compasión, altruismo y responsabilidad será capaz de lograr la excelencia en el cuidado.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of three different physical exercise programs on the symptomatology, body composition, physical activity, physical fitness, and quality of life of individuals with schizophrenia. A total of 432 patients were assessed for eligibility and 86 were randomized into the aerobic (n = 28), strength (n = 29) or mixed (n = 29) groups. Positive, negative, and general symptoms of psychosis, body mass index (BMI), physical activity (IPAQ-SF), physical fitness (6-min walk test [6MWT] and hand-grip strength [HGS]), and quality of life (WHOQUOLBREF) were assessed at baseline, post-intervention (16 weeks), and at 10-months. Our results at 16 weeks showed significant improvements in all three groups in the negative, general, and total symptoms with moderate to large effect sizes (P < 0.01, ηp 2 > 0.11), no change in the BMI, 6MWT or IPAQ-SF, and a significant improvement in the HGS test in the strength and mixed groups (P ≤ 0.05, ηp 2 > 0.08). Nonetheless, all the improvements had disappeared at 10 months. We concluded that 3 weekly sessions of a moderate to vigorous progressive exercise program for 16 weeks improved the symptomatology of individuals with schizophrenia in all three groups, with no differences between them. However, the effects had declined to baseline levels by the 10-month follow-up, suggesting that exercise interventions should be maintained over time.

Introduction Numerous studies support the practice of different physical exercise modalities as an effective treatment to address the problems associated with schizophrenia, reporting that they result in improvements in patient symptoms and quality of life. Given the lack of studies comparing different types of training in controlled environments, the aim of this proposed study will be to compare the effects of three physical exercise programmes (strength, aerobic and mixed) on the symptoms, body composition, level of physical activity and health-related quality of life of patients with schizophrenia. Methods and analysis A multicentre, single-blinded (evaluator), randomised, wait-list controlled (ratio 2:2:2:1) trial will be conducted with 105 patients recruited from different psychosocial care centres. The participants will be randomised into three 16-week training groups comprising 48 sessions lasting 1 hour each, or to the wait-list control group. The training groups will complete aerobic, strength or mixed (aerobic +strength) training. The participants will be assessed before, immediately after and 6 months after the end of the intervention. The patients in the wait-list control group (n=15) will receive one of the three trainings immediately after the intervention. The study variables will include positive, negative and general symptomology (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale) as the primary outcome; as secondary outcome: body composition (by assessing body mass index, body fat mass and waist circumference), physical activity levels (International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form) and quality of life (abbreviated WHO Quality of Life questionnaire).

Objetivo: analizar la relación entre las variables sociodemográficas y clínicas en pacientes con deterioro cognitivo en función del lugar de residencia (domicilio familiar frente a instituciones), comparándola con la autopercepción del estado de salud de ambos grupos. Material y métodos: estudio comparativo observacional transversal. La muestra estuvo formada por 71 sujetos, de los cuales 44 recibían cuidado informal en su domicilio y asistían a un centro de día (Valencia, España), y 27 que residían en un centro sociosanitario (Teruel, Valencia), ambos situados en zona rural. Los participantes fueron evaluados mediante el índice de comorbilidad de Charlson, Mini-Mental Test de Folstein (MMSE), test de fluidez verbal, autopercepción del estado de salud mediante escala visual analógica del Euro-Qol y variables sociodemográficas que incluyeron: sexo, edad, nivel de estudios, estado civil y número de hijos. Resultados: los principales resultados apuntan a que pese a que los pacientes que residen en sus hogares tienen un peor estado cognitivo en relación con el MMSE (diferencia de 3,09 puntos; p = 0,003) y la fluidez verbal (diferencia de 3,05 puntos 5,32; p = 0,000), su autopercepción del estado de salud es superior frente a aquellos que viven en un centro sociosanitario (diferencia de 21,22 puntos; p = 0,000). Conclusiones: los sujetos que residen en el domicilio presentan una autopercepción de su estado de salud mejor que aquellos que residen en el centro sociosanitario, pese a que su estado cognitivo muestra peores resultados. Este aspecto contribuye a la mejora de la utilización de los recursos necesarios hacia los ámbitos donde los cuidados sean más eficaces. / Objective: analyze the relationship between sociodemographic and clinical variables in patients with cognitive impairment regarding to the place of residence (family home versus institutions), compare their self-perception of health status. Material and Method: observational comparative study. The sample was formed by 71 participants; 44 of them were living in their homes and attended to a day center and 27 of them resided in a Social Health Center. Participants were evaluated using the Charlson comorbidity index, Folstein Mini Mental Test (MMSE), verbal fluency test, self-perception of health status using Euro-Qol visual analogue scale and sociodemographic variables included: sex, age, level of studies, marital status and number of children. Results: the main results suggest that patients residing in their homes have a worse cognitive state compared to those who lived in Social Health Centers in relation to the MMSE (difference of 3,09 points, p=0,003) and verbal fluency (difference of 3,05 points 5,32, p=0,000). However, their self-perception of health status was higher (difference of 21,22 points, p=0,000). Conclusions: patients with cognitive dysfunction who reside in their homes have a better self-perception of their health status compared to those who reside in the Social Health Center. This aspect is of relevance to the improvement of the development of cost-effective strategies that encourage the health of patients with cognitive diseases.