1. Investigación

La educación es una herramienta de transformación social. Los valores sociales deben cultivarse desde las primeras etapas educativas para lograr reducir la corrupción. Consideramos que es necesario mejorar la competencia ética junto con la competencia social y ciudadana para cambiar las actitudes éticas de la ciudadanía. El actual paradigma de la ética del cuidado es un medio para entrenar las competencias éticas y sociales. Los docentes del área de filosofía tienen un papel fundamental en esta dimensión formativa.

Objectives: The need to incentivize the humanization of healthcare providers coincides with the development of a more technological approach to medicine, which gives rise to depersonalization when treating patients. Currently, there is a culture of humanization that reflects the awareness of health professionals, patients, and policy makers, although it is unknown if there are university curricula incorporating specific skills in humanization, or what these may include. Therefore, the objectives of this study are as follows: (1) to identify what type of education in humanization is provided to university students of Health Sciences using digital technologies; and (2) determine the strengths and weaknesses of this education. The authors propose a curriculum focusing on undergraduate students to strengthen the humanization skills of future health professionals, including digital health strategies. Methods: A systematic review, based on the scientific literature published in EBSCO, Ovid, PubMed, Scopus, andWeb of Science, over the last decade (2012–2022), was carried out in November 2022. The keywords used were “humanization of care” and “humanization of healthcare” combined both with and without “students”. Results: A total of 475 articles were retrieved, of which 6 met the inclusion criteria and were subsequently analyzed, involving a total of 295 students. Three of them (50%) were qualitative studies, while the other three (50%) involved mixed methods. Only one of the studies (16.7%) included digital health strategies to train humanization. Meanwhile, another study (16.7%) measured the level of humanization after training. Conclusions: There is a clear lack of empirically tested university curricula that combine education in humanization and digital technology for future health professionals. Greater focus on the training of future health professionals is needed, in order to guarantee that they begin their professional careers with the precept of medical humanities as a basis.

The use of avatars in the psychological treatment of some chronic diseases is in their infancy, and it represents a growing field of research with many possibilities for innovation. However, there is a lack of studies seeking to determine if avatar-based therapies could improve mental health in chronic care settings. In fact, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic review addressing this research topic. The objectives of this study were to review the scientific literature on those studies involving avatar-based therapies for chronic patients, as well as different ways to develop them and their efficacy on mental health outcomes. Two main questions were addressed: (1) Are avatar-based strategies useful to improve mental health in chronic patients? (2) Which is the best way to develop avatar-based strategies regarding chronic diseases? A systematic review of the peer-reviewed literature was conducted in March 2021. The results were, not only useful for establishing suitable ways to develop avatar-based strategies to improve mental health in chronic care, but also for providing an ad hoc taxonomy regarding this research topic. Five modalities were established according to technological complexity and avatar presentation. Most of the studies were effective (61.1%) in enhancing mental health in chronic care.

While there is an increasing awareness regarding the culture of humanization, which is strongly needed in the healthcare environment, little knowledge has been provided in relation to accurate strategies to teach humanization skills to healthcare undergraduate students, as well as to healthcare professionals. Furthermore, the usefulness of new technologies to improve humanization skills has hardly been addressed so far in the scientific literature, including promising strategies such as Metaverse-related technologies. Presumably, this is the first systematic review focused on the efficacy of Metaverse-related technologies to increase the acquisition of humanization skills in the healthcare environment. The purpose of this study was to review the scientific studies published in the last decade to answer the following two questions: (1) are Metaverse-related technologies useful in enhancing humanization skills in the healthcare environment? (2) What are the advantages and disadvantages that should be addressed to successfully develop Metaverserelated technologies in the healthcare sector? We conducted a systematic review of the peer-reviewed literature from EBSCO, Ovid, PubMed, Scopus, andWeb of Science (WOS), following the PRISMA statements and using the following keywords: “humanization + Metaverse”; “humanization + mixed reality”; “humanization + extended reality”; “humanization + augmented reality”; “humanization + virtual reality”; “humanization + app”; “humanization + telemedicine”; “humanization + digital health”; “humanization + eHealth”; “humanization + telehealth”; “humanization + web-based”; “humanization + website”; “humanization + digital”; “humanization + online”; and “humanization + internet”. Studies published from 2012 to the present, written in the English language, were reviewed. A total of 505 records were obtained, of which three were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results will be helpful in developing new strategies to improve humanization skills in the health sphere.

Nace con la finalidad de comunicar a la sociedad en general y al mundo académico en particular, la convicción de primar o por lo menos igualar, la educación liberal (humanística) y la formación estrictamente instrumental. Razón de la Universidad reúne un conjunto de breves ensayos redactados por profesores que participan de esta idea, y donde se analiza la Universidad o un aspecto de la misma en intelectuales españoles como Ortega, Unamuno, Laín Entralgo, García Morente junto a otros del ámbito europeo y anglosajón como Guardini, MacIntyre o Derrick. En los escritos de todos estos pensadores la idea de Universidad trasciende la mera formación profesional de una manera más o menos explícita. El libro, además, posee una vertiente biográfica en algunos de los autores tratados que hace que entremos en contacto con la universidad española de la primera mitad del siglo XX y también que volvamos a recordar como la institución universitaria ha intentado siempre ser controlada políticamente desde el Estado.

El autor trata de mostrar cómo Laín Entralgo desarrolla en España una tradición antropológica iniciada en la Escuela de Heidelberg. En segundo lugar indicaré cómo Laín investiga el modo en que la enfermedad y la salud son personalizadas por cada sujeto haciendo cierto el aserto de V. Krehl que reza “no hay enfermedades sino personas que enferman”.

Marañón tiene en alta estima la profesión médica, razón por la cual espera del médico una vocación a la altura de una labor abnegada que, a su juicio, no debe perseguir como meta final el lucro económico ni el prestigio social. Atendiendo a lo que en sus obras nos dice del enfermo y lo que los testigos relatan sobre el trato que dispensaba a los pacientes podemos concluir que Marañón cultivó sobremanera unas actitudes que generaban en sus pacientes esa confianza necesaria para una mayor eficacia del tratamiento53. La sugestión bien entendida será clave en el proceso terapéutico. Así lo expresa el propio Marañón: “Si entre la receta, la más simple, la de un jarabe para la tos, y la mente que lo prescribe no hay un pequeño mundo de información de lo que es el hombre y el hombre que receta, el jarabe calmará la tos menos eficazmente que si ese mundo existiese”

Las investigaciones lainianas han contribuido a una fundamentación teórica del humanismo médico y, concretamente, de la psicología y la psiquiatría. Pedro Laín Entralgo (1908-2001), desde muy joven comenzó a madurar un estilo integrador de lo científico y lo humanístico para conseguir humanizar el saber acerca del hombre en general y el hombre enfermo en particular así como el trato hacia el paciente entendido como sujeto que busca su bien natural como el bien personal. En lo referente a los aspectos éticos de la amistad técnica entre el médico y el enfermo, muestra su compromiso por la recuperación de un profesional con alma. En este mismo sendero caminaba C. Gustav Jung (1875-1961) quien aconsejaba a los profesionales de la salud: “conozca todas las teorías, domine todas las técnicas, pero al tocar un alma humana, sea apenas otra alma humana”. El artículo tiene un enfoque biográfico desde el que poder mostrar las influencias que marcan el devenir intelectual y personal de Laín para, seguidamente, indicar las aportaciones fundamentales a un estudio de la persona desde una perspectiva integral.