1. Investigación

Estamos viviendo una muy peligrosa crisis de la verdad dentro de la gran crisis. La democratización de las cámaras (de fotografía y vídeo), el afán de registrarlo todo siquiera como testigos de los hechos, que nunca puede aspirar a convertirlos en profesionales de la información; el deseo de los más altos responsables de los medios de comunicación en general de «amoldar» la verdad, su verdad, a la medida, y la testuz bajada ante la miseria de los «profesionales» que se automanipulan para alcanzar el sueño de poder decir algo diferente de lo que en realidad ocurrió, nos puede conducir al difícil camino donde conversamos todos como sospechosos si no somos capaces de llevar grabada a fuego la ética sagrada de la profesión y de descubrir y delatar a los que empiezan engañándose a si mismos y terminan haciéndonos caer en las trampas de sus mentiras durante el tiempo justo que tardamos en descubrirlos, que siempre llega, tal y corno se pretende de-mostrar con este trabajo de investigación que pone de manifiesto que las «imágenes pueden distorsionar la realidad y no constituir un elemento de fiabilidad de los hechos», como afirma en el epílogo el catedrático de Periodismo de la UCM Francisco Esteve.

The incidence of Listeria monocytogenes in refrigerated and frozen chicken parts was investigated, using the Mini-Vidas™ system (bioMérieux). Two hundred and eigthy chicken parts were tested: 40 skin samples from the breast and leg, 120 samples from refrigerated wings, breasts and legs and 120 samples from frozen wings, breasts and legs (40 of each). The 219 samples tested positive (78.21%). The parts with the highest incidence were frozen breasts (100%) and wings (95%). In frozen legs, the values were lower (60%). In refrigerated parts, the incidence was higher in breasts (85%) and in wings (80%). In legs samples, similarly to the frozen ones, the incidence was lower (50%). In the skin of the breasts and legs, the incidence was 77.50%. Statistical evaluation demonstrated that there are no differences between frozen breasts and wings but there are differences between similar refrigerated parts. The refrigerated and frozen legs are the only parts that are statistically equal. The percentages that were detected show the importance of requiring the absence of Listeria spp. in chickens.

The present study reports the natural mycobiota occurring in dry-cured hams, and in particular on the incidence of mycotoxin-producing fungi. A total of 338 fungal colonies were isolated from three stages of production, these being the post-salting, ripening and aging stages in two manufacturing plants. The results show that fungi were more frequently isolated from the aging stage and that the predominant filamentous fungal genus isolated was Penicillium. Seventy-four of the 338 fungal strains were selected for identification at the species level by using morphological criteria and internal transcribed spacers sequencing. Of the 74 fungal strains, 59 were Penicillium strains. Sixteen Penicillium species were identified, with P. commune (24 strains) and P. chrysogenum (13 strains) being the most abundant. The potential ability to produce cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) and ochratoxin A (OTA) was studied by isolating the culture followed by HPLC analysis of these mycotoxins in the culture extracts. The results indicated that 25 (33.7%) of the 74 fungal strains produced CPA. Worth noting is the high percentage of CPA-producing strains of P. commune (66.6%) of which some strains were highly toxigenic. P. polonicum strains were also highly toxigenic. With respect to OTA-producing fungi, a low percentage of fungal strains (9.5%) were able to produce OTA at moderate levels. OTA-producing fungi belonged to different Penicillium species including P. chrysogenum, P. commune, P. polonicum and P. verrucosum. These results indicate that there is a possible risk factor posed by CPA and OTA contamination of dry-cured hams.

En esta investigación, mediante el estudio de un caso, se ha pretendido analizar los nuevos usos de la imagen a través del estudio de la fotografía digital teniendo en cuenta su viralidad, la trazabilidad y la vulneración de derechos de autor. Para este fin, desde un punto de vista práctico y en un contexto real, se ha incidido en una publicación concreta de dos fotografías en la red social Twitter, creada ad hoc para la investigación, que, en la fecha del artículo, cuenta con más de 536.789 interacciones reales (respuestas, retuiteos, ‘me gusta’, etc.), y con la que se pretende diseccionar y comprender las características de una de las prácticas más comunes de la comunicación actual, la de compartir contenidos en la red y a través de la definición y estudio de las diversas sinergias y su trascendencia en el ciclo vital de una fotografía.

During pregnancy, women undergo several metabolic changes to guarantee an adequate supply of glucose to the foetus. These metabolic modifications develop what is known as physiological insulin resistance. When this process is altered, however, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) occurs. GDM is a multifactorial disease, and genetic and environmental factors play a crucial role in its aetiopathogenesis. GDM has been linked to both macroscopic and molecular alterations in placental tissues that affect placental physiology. This review summarizes the role of the placenta in the development of GDM from a molecular perspective, including hormonal and pro- inflammatory changes. Inflammation and hormonal imbalance, the characteristics dominating the GDM microenvironment, are responsible for placental changes in size and vascularity, leading to dysregulation in maternal and foetal circulations and to complications in the newborn. In conclusion, since the hormonal mechanisms operating in GDM have not been fully elucidated, more research should be done to improve the quality of life of patients with GDM and their future children.

Durante las últimas décadas las nuevas tecnologías han cambiado radicalmente nuestras vidas, siendo rápidamente asimiladas por los jóvenes de las nuevas generaciones, que son ya considerados nativos digitales. En el ámbito de la educación superior universitaria se hace necesario mejorar metodologías y recursos docentes en el plano pedagógico y tecnológico para poder adaptarnos a este nuevo contexto y proporcionar la mejor formación posible a los estudiantes que serán los profesionales del futuro. En la presente comunicación se presenta el Laboratorio de Fabricación Digital de la Universidad CEU San Pablo (Fab Lab Madrid CEU) como un espacio de innovación tecnológica y didáctica. Se trata de una iniciativa innovadora que busca fomentar la creatividad y el aprendizaje de los estudiantes de nuestra universidad potenciando el futuro desarrollo de su carrera profesional. El laboratorio ha venido incorporando desde su fundación innovaciones pedagógicas en sus programas formativos, con el fin de estimular la creatividad de los estudiantes, promover el trabajo en equipo, el aprendizaje por proyectos, la mentorización entre iguales y la motivación de los alumnos, sin olvidar el fomento del esfuerzo y la disciplina de trabajo, convencidos de que las beneficiosas consecuencias de estas prácticas pueden enriquecer la calidad general de la enseñanza. Además, cuenta con las últimas tecnologías de impresión tridimensional, corte láser, corte de vinilo, fresadoras y todo tipo de componentes para el diseño y fabricación de circuitos electrónicos, que permiten la fabricación de prototipos interactivos como metodología de aprendizaje transversal basada en proyectos colaborativos.

Two plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) were tested to evaluate their capacity to prime rice seedlings against stress challenge (salt and Xanthomonas campestris infection). As is accepted that plants respond to biotic and abiotic stresses by generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), enzyme activities related to oxidative stress (ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX, EC 1.11.1.7), glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2) and superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1)) as well as the pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs) ß-1,3-glucanase (PR2, EC 3.2.1.6) and chitinase (PR3, EC 3.2.1.14) weremeasured at 3 timepoints after stress challenge.Inaddition,photosyntheticparameters related with fluorescence emission of photosystem II (F0, Fv/Fm, PSII and NPQ) were also measured although they were barely affected. Both strains were able to protect rice seedlings against salt stress. AMG272 reduced the salt symptoms over 47% with regard to control, and L81 over 90%. Upon pathogen challenge, 90% protection was achieved by both strains.All enzyme activities related to oxidative stress were modified by the two PGPR, especially APX and SOD upon salinity stress challenge, and APX and GR upon pathogen presence. Both bacteria induced chitinase activity 24 and 48 h after pathogen inoculation, and L81 induced ß-1,3-Glucanase activity 48 h after pathogen inoculation, evidencing the priming effect. These results indicate that these strains could be used as bio-fortifying agents in biotechnological inoculants in order to reduce the effects of different stresses, and indirectly reduce the use of agrochemicals.