Escuela de Politécnica Superior

The promotion or access to certain energy technologies has changed the humanized landscape throughout history; cities have been born around, and because of an energy source, or have been displaced in order for energy-related infrastructures to take their spot. However, and for any city from its very beginning, energy paradigm shifts have deeply altered their morphology. Not only extraction, but especially transformation and transport of resources materializes in artefacts, often controversial and soon-to-be obsolete. This is especially patent in the ever-changing city boundaries; the fringe of ‘proximity’, where the collision between the countryside and the urban mesh embodies the relations and contradictions between urban growth, energy demand and landscape protection. In a context of growing cities (both in terms of expansion of its artificial land and in terms of energy demand), we are facing two paths which not always converge: an inevitable low carbon transition and a growing sensitivity towards ordinary landscapes. This article, within the framework of the project ‘Proximity landscapes of the city of Madrid. From the 19thC to the present’, studies the development of the city of Madrid in relation to its energy access and management, in a series of key stages: mid-19thC (before the bourgeois enlargement plan approved in 1860), early 20thC (when the introduction of electricity powered a deep urban transformation and outlaying urban cores were annexed), mid-late 20thC (when a rural exodus took place and the peripheries of Madrid grew rapidly) and today.

A growing city adapts and transforms the pre-existing topography, and with its urban fabric defines an ever-changing contour throughout history; this contour is not a clear line, but rather a fringe, where city and countryside meet and create occupancy systems that are crucial to comprehend the evolution of the urban form. We can consider this fringe as ‘proximity’ landscapes: landscapes that are perceived when the city is either a destination or a point of departure. The vision from afar, or when progressively approaching the city, provides both locals and tourists with certain landscape and architectural aspects that should be studied, preserved and valued for their ability to generate meaningful spaces. In this communication we study the surrounding landscapes of Madrid by means of a Landscape Character Assessment, within the framework of the project ‘Proximity landscapes of the city of Madrid. From the 19thC to the present’ currently in process. Combining graphic analysis of historical cartography at a metropolitan scale with perceptive analysis techniques, special attention is drawn to certain axes and significant lookouts of the city, mapping them and evaluating their visual basins. This characterization leads to distinguishing three main landscape types surrounding Madrid, according to physical, natural and anthropogenic structures: one predominantly natural, one mainly industrial and service-related, and a third one with special historical relevance.

Para que la visión del paisaje de una ciudad esté completa, es necesario estudiar su imagen desde el territorio que la rodea. Aproximarse a una ciudad desde diversos puntos ofrece visiones muy diferentes, las cuales, para el caso de estudio que se plantea, Madrid, presentan marcados y diferentes caracteres. Dentro de estos tipos de paisaje, se plantea identificar ciertos ámbitos que actúan como “umbral urbano” y sirven de nexo de unión entre lo que no es ciudad y lo que sí. Son espacios que recogen el legado histórico de elementos patrimoniales a la par que se conjugan con nuevos hitos y recientes intervenciones, pero todos ellos nos hacen reconocer que entramos en la ciudad de Madrid. Por su situación topográfica, accesos y características morfológicas, hace que su visión lejana tenga un gran interés cultural, turístico y paisajístico. Además, por el reciente espectacular crecimiento de su periferia y la alta densidad de población en la misma, supone un caso paradigmático de paisaje periurbano a nivel europeo, que necesita de estudio y reflexión. Se pretende analizar, a través de algunos ejemplos, el espacio periurbano de Madrid integrando valores naturales y culturales, para determinar el papel que los ejes principales de acceso, los hitos arquitectónicos y las infraestructuras verdes juegan en la definición de los umbrales de la ciudad, en esos espacios de contacto entre lo periurbano y lo urbano.