2. Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU

En el presente trabajo se ha evaluado el efecto producido sobre diversos parámetros fisiológicos indicativos de salud ruminal, de la utilización de una mezcla homogénea de alimento concentrado y forraje, como sistema de alimentación para la finalización, o cebamiento, del toro de lidia, comparándolo con un lote de animales testigo mantenidos en extensivo y otro de individuos alimentados siguiendo el sistema tradicional, basado en la administración de alimento concentrado y forraje por separado. Para ello se tomaron muestras de la mucosa ruminal y del contenido del rumen de los animales inmediatamente después de su sacrificio para el análisis histológico de dicha mucosa y la determinación del pH ruminal. En el conjunto de los animales se observaron valores de pH compatibles con el padecimiento de una acidosis ruminal crónica (pH= 6,09 ± 0,49), siendo significativamente menor en los individuos alimentados con el carro mezclador (pH= 5,96 ± 0,43). Ambos métodos de manejo de la alimentación conducen a la formación de papilas de longitud reducida (43,09 ± 23,18 %) y excesivamente engrosadas (441,66 ± 140,74 μm). Además, se aprecia un efecto negativo de las dietas en las que el forraje se ofrece incorporado al concentrado, presentando abundantes pérdidas de materia con soluciones de continuidad en el epitelio del rumen y una cantidad importante de células en vías de degeneración. Esto puede ser debido al resultado pernicioso de la trituración excesiva del forraje, escaso tamaño de partícula, disminuyendo el efecto estimulante de la rumia y salivación. Por otra parte, el tiempo de cebo parece influir negativamente sobre la morfología de la papila ruminal en periodos mayores a 6 meses, mostrando un mayor acortamiento de su longitud.

Minerals are inorganic substances present in all body tissues and fluids that directly or indirectly influence the maintenance of multiple metabolic processes and, therefore, are essential for the development of various biological functions. The Lidia bull breed may be considered an athlete, as during a bull fight it displays considerable physical effort of great intensity and short duration in a highly stressful situation. The objective of this study was to assess plasma minerals concentration (macro- and microminerals) in Lidia bulls after intense physical exercise during a bull fight. Plasma Ca, Mg, P, K, Na, Fe, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se and Mo concentrations were measured in 438 male Lidia bulls. Ca, P and Mg were measured using a Cobas Integra autoanalyzer, while Na and K were determined by ICP-AES, and Fe, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se and Mo were measured by ICP-MS. All macrominerals, (Ca: 2.96 0.31, Mg: 1.27 0.17, P: 3.78 0.65, K: 7.50 1.58, Na: 150.15 19.59 in mmol/L), and Cr (1.24 0.58), Ni (0.249 1.07), Cu (22.63 4.84) and Zn (24.14 5.59, in mol/L) showed greater mean values than the reported reference values in the published literature, while Co (0.041 0.07), Se (0.886 0.21) and Mo (0.111 0.08, in mol/L) values were lower than those reported for other bovine breeds. These increased concentrations could be justified mainly by muscle cell metabolism, hepatic need to provide energy, and intense dehydration and hemoconcentration by losses through sweat glands or urination.

There are limited published data in the bovine species on blood biological variables in response to intense work or after significant physical exertion. Lidia cattle, in addition to their exercise components, have some behavioral agonistic features that make them more susceptible to stress. The bullfight involves stress and exercise so intense that it causes significant changes in some metabolic variables. The study objective was to evaluate changes in blood biological variables in response to intense exercise and stress. After the fight in the arena, and once the bulls were dead (n = 438), blood samples were taken, and some biochemical and hormonal variables were determined in venous blood. A descriptive analysis was performed using the Statistica 8.0. computer program. The mean ( s.d.) results obtained were: total protein (85.8 10.8 g/dL), albumin (3.74 4.3 g/dL), triglycerides (39.65 0.16 mg/dL), cholesterol (2.44 0.03 mmol/L), glucose (22.2 9.6 mmol/L), uric acid (340 80 mol/L), creatinine (236.9 0.4 mol/L), urea (5.93 1.27 mmol/L), LDH (2828 1975 IU/L), CK (6729 10,931 IU/L), AST (495 462 IU/L), ALP (90 33 IU/L), GGT (50 34 IU/L), ALT (59 35 IU/L), cortisol (117.5 46.6 nmol/L), and testosterone (20.2 23.8 nmol/L). Most of the measured variables clearly increased; thus, we found severe hyperglycemia and increases in LDH, AST, GGT, and ALT enzymes, particularly in CK. The increases in all these variables are justified by the mobilization of energy sources, tissue/muscle damage, and dehydration due to continued stress and intense exercise.

In this paper, we explore the evolution of consumers’ perceptions and concerns about the e ects that intensification of production systems could have on the welfare of farm animals. Despite the di erences in definitions of animal welfare that make perceptions about this complex subject extremely variable, there is a growing perception that farm animal welfare should be protected and improved. There is an increasing appreciation of animal welfare parameters over other quality attributes, and animal-friendly products are considered healthier, safer, tastier, more hygienic, authentic, environmentally friendly, and traditional by many consumers. The willingness to pay for the increases in price that higher levels of farm animal welfare could produce could be promoted by means of adequate information about management and housing conditions of the di erent farming species. Welfare-friendly products that are properly labeled with clear information provided by an internationally accepted, transparent, and traceable monitoring system will increase consumers’ confidence in the food chain participants. Both consumers and citizens have the opportunity to improve the welfare of millions of farmed animals now and in the future, consumers by assuming their responsibility at the buying point, purchasing welfare-friendly products, and citizens by driving legislation to achieve some minimum standard of welfare conditions that could meet animals’ needs.

Cobalt, as a trace element, is essential for rumen microorganisms for the formation of vitamin B12. In the metabolism of mammals, vitamin B12 is an essential part of two enzymatic systems involved in multiple metabolic reactions, such as in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, some amino acids and DNA. Adenosylcobalamin and methylcobalamin are coenzymes of methylmalonyl coenzyme A (CoA) mutase and methionine synthetase and are essential for obtaining energy through ruminal metabolism. Signs of cobalt deficiency range from hyporexia, reduced growth and weight loss to liver steatosis, anemia, impaired immune function, impaired reproductive function and even death. Cobalt status in ruminant animals can be assessed by direct measurement of blood or tissue concentrations of cobalt or vitamin B12, as well as the level of methylmalonic acid, homocysteine or transcobalamin in blood; methylmalonic acid in urine; some variables hematological; food consumption or growth of animals. In general, it is assumed that the requirement for cobalt (Co) is expressed around 0.11 ppm (mg/kg) in the dry matter (DM) diet; current recommendations seem to advise increasing Co supplementation and placing it around 0.20 mg Co/kg DM. Although there is no unanimous criterion about milk production, fattening or reproductive rates in response to increased supplementation with Co, in some investigations, when the total Co of the diet was approximately 1 to 1.3 ppm (mg/kg), maximum responses were observed in the milk production.

Eye fluids (aqueous humour and vitreous humour) may be helpful in estimating ante-mortem blood levels, since some parameters measured in these fluids have proved to be stable or to change in a predictable way after death. This would help in diagnosing the cause of death in some diseases or to evaluate ante-mortem blood levels in certain animals not easy to handle or with difficult access. In order to establish reference values of some parameters in blood and eye fluids (aqueous humour and vitreous humour), as well as the possible correlation among these three different fluids, various minerals and electrolytes (Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, Fe, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se and Mo) were measured in 15 four to five year-old Lidia bulls, all dying after a period of significant stress and major exertion. Plasmatic values of Mg and P were much greater than reported in the literature. In general, mineral plasmatic values were greater than those found in ocular fluids (aqueous and vitreous), while Na, K and Cr were similar in the three fluids. We have verified the existence of correlations in P, Co and Mo among the three fluids measured, and between Se of plasma and vitreous humour. But the most marked correlations were observed in Mo (plasma -aqueous humour, r = 0.893, plasma-vitreous humour, r = 0.945, HA -HV, r = 0.849), in P (plasma-vitreous humour, r = 0.726) and in Co (plasma-vitreous humour, r = 879).