Medicina

The development of techniques and methods for allergen purification is essential for diagnosis and the development of safe immunotherapeutic agents. The most common purification techniques include chromatographic methodologies. In this chapter, we review and describe the details of the methodologies of using ion-exchange, gel-filtration, and affinity chromatography to purify two well-known panallergens, profilin and parvalbumin.

Omics strategies have triggered a revolution in the understanding of the microorganisms that reside in our body, and their implications in health and disease. For diagnosis and therapeutics, metabolomic fingerprinting is the most powerful approach, since the metabolites represent the actual interplay between humans and microbes. Studying the metabolome requires several new high-throughput analytical techniques and innovative computational methodologies. Herein, we will focus on the metabolomics workflow for gut microbiota analysis, including sampling, laboratory procedures, and available analytical techniques, paying special attention to microbiota isolation and multiplatform complementarity. Finally, we will summarize some applications and implications of gut microbiota metabolites in biomarkers discovery and several therapeutic strategies, such as fecal microbiota transplantation and the usage of prebiotics and probiotics.

Background: In areas of high exposure to grass pollen, allergic patients are frequently sensitized to profilin, and some experience severe profilin-mediated food-induced reactions. This specific population of patients is ideal to study the relationship between respiratory and food allergies. Objective: We sought to determine the role of oral mucosal epithelial barrier integrity in profilin-mediated allergic reactions. Methods: Thirty-eight patients with profilin allergy stratified into mild or severe according to their clinical history and response to a profilin challenge test and 6 nonallergic subjects were recruited. Oral mucosal biopsies were used for measurement of CD11c, CD3, CD4, tryptase, claudin-1, occludin, E-cadherin, and vascular endothelial growth factor A levels; Masson trichrome staining; and POSTN, IL33, TPSAB, TPSB, and CMA gene expression analysis by using quantitative RT-PCR. Blood samples were used for basophil activation tests. Results: Distinct features of the group with severe allergy included the following: (1) impaired epithelial integrity with reduced expression of claudin-1, occludin, and E-cadherin and decreased numbers of epithelial cells, which is indicative of acanthosis, higher collagen deposition, and angiogenesis; (2) inflammatory immune response in the mucosa, with an increased number of CD11c1 and CD41 infiltrates and increased expression of the cytokine genes POSTN and IL33; and (3) a 10-fold increased sensitivity of basophils to profilin. Conclusions: Patients with profilin allergy present with significant damage to the oral mucosal epithelial barrier, which might allow profilin penetration into the oral mucosa and induction of local inflammation. Additionally, severely allergic patients presented with increased sensitivity of effector cells. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019;143:681-90.)