Las dictaduras peninsulares: la lógica aliancista en un marco de identidad ideológica y liderazgos diferenciados

Abstract

El presente artículo pretende ser una revisión crítica de la literatura comparada entre las dictaduras de Salazar y Franco, partiendo de dos hipótesis principales. La primera es que, aunque unidas por una fundamental cosmovisión ideológica, no fue esta empatía ideológica la razón esencial de la lógica aliancista que desarrollaron, sino la percepción de unos intereses comunes frente a los desafíos que planteaba el sistema internacional en su evolución hacia una nueva concepción de la modernidad. La segunda es que los sistemas autoritarios peninsulares no se mantuvieron solo por las maquinarias represivas que pusieron en marcha, aunque éstas fueron muy importantes, sino por un proceso complejo de construcción de los liderazgos autoritarios y por la aceptación que tuvieron entre los ámbitos conservadores, incluso tradicionalistas, y esencialmente entre todo el universo católico de esas sociedades.

This article critically reviews the comparative literature on the dictatorships of Salazar and Franco from two main hypotheses. First, these pages assume that although both regimes shared the same political cosmovision, this was not the main reason sustaining the mutual assistance logic pursued by both dictatorships. The central motivation, instead, was the notion that they shared interests and faced similar challenges within an international system that was evolving towards a new conception of modernity. Second, this article assumes that the Peninsular dictatorships did not only sustain themselves through the machineries of repression that both developed. Although repression was indeed significant, it coexisted with complex processes through which the regimes developed certain forms of authoritarian leadership as well as an ideological identity shared by substantial segments of the Peninsular societies upon which the dictatorships were built. The latter was developed from a conservative, even traditionalist, and essentially Catholic cosmovision.