2. Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU

The current therapies of leishmaniasis, the second most widespread neglected tropical disease, have limited e ectiveness and toxic side e ects. In this regard, natural products play an important role in overcoming the current need for new leishmanicidal agents. The present study reports a bioassay-guided fractionation of the ethanolic extract of leaves of Piper pseudoarboreum against four species of Leishmania spp. promastigote forms, which a orded six known alkamides (1–6). Their structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic and spectrometric analysis. Compounds 2 and 3 were identified as the most promising ones, displaying higher potency against Leishmania spp. promastigotes (IC50 values ranging from 1.6 to 3.8 M) and amastigotes of L. amazonensis (IC50 values ranging from 8.2 to 9.1 M) than the reference drug, miltefosine. The e cacy of (E)-piplartine (3) against L. amazonensis infection in an in vivo model for cutaneous leishmaniasis was evidenced by a significant reduction of the lesion size footpad and spleen parasite burden, similar to those of glucantime used as the reference drug. This study reinforces the therapeutic potential of (E)-piplartine as a promising lead compound against neglected infectious diseases caused by Leishmania parasites.

In the era of antimicrobial resistance, fungal pathogens are not an exception. Several strategies, including antimicrobial stewardship programs and high throughput screening of new drugs, are being implemented. Several recent studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of plant compounds with antifungal activity. In this systematic review, we examine the use of natural compounds as a possible avenue to fight fungal infections produced by Candida albicans, the most common human fungal pathogen. Electronic literature searches were conducted through PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane, and Science Direct limited to the 5 years. A total of 131 articles were included, with 186 plants extracts evaluated. Although the majority of the natural extracts exhibited antifungal activities against C. albicans (both in vivo and in vitro), the strongest antifungal activity was obtained from Lawsonia inermis, Pelargonium graveolens, Camellia sinensis, Mentha piperita, and Citrus latifolia. The main components with proven antifungal activities were phenolic compounds such as gallic acid, thymol, and flavonoids (especially catechin), polyphenols such as tannins, terpenoids and saponins. The incorporation of nanotechnology greatly enhances the antifungal properties of these natural compounds. Further research is needed to fully characterize the composition of all herbal extracts with antifungal activity as well as the mechanisms of action of the active compounds.

A phytochemical investigation of the ethanolic extract of leaves from Piper pseudoarboreum led to the isolation of 3-chlorosintenpyridone 1, an unprecedented chlorinated piperamide, together with the known compounds 2-12. Their structures were established based on 1D and 2D (COSY, ROESY, HMQC, and HMBC) NMR spectroscopy, in addition to high resolution mass spectrometry. The proposed biosynthetic pathway of compound 1 is discussed. Compounds 1-12 were tested in vitro for their leishmanicidal potential against promastigote stages of Leishmania amazonensis, L braziliensis, L. guyanensis and L. infantum. Two compounds from this series, the alkamide 1 (IC50 3.4-5.2 μM) and the fatty acid 9 (IC50 18.7- 29.6 μM) displayed higher or similar potency to Miltefosine, used as the reference drug.