2. Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU

Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytology is used for the diagnosis of non-infectious lower airway inflammation in equids. Discrepancies have been reported in the differential cell count when different staining methods were used both in humans and horses. The objective of this study was to compare the results of BALF cytology in donkeys using four different staining methods: modified May-Grunwald Giemsa (mMGG), Diff-Quick (DQ), Toluidine blue (TB) and Perls Prussian blue (PPB). Nine healthy Amiata female donkeys were enrolled. The BAL procedure was performed as previously described and pairs of cytocentrifuged BALF slides were stained with each method. No differences between mMGG and DQ were found for macrophages, neutrophils, and eosinophils, while differences were found in mast cell count between DQ vs.TB, but not between mMGG vs. DQ or mMGG vs. TB. Finally, no differences were obtained in the differential count for hemosiderophages comparing mMGG, DQ and PPB. The mMGG appears to be an excellent stain for the identification of all possible cell types, including mast cells in the BALF of donkeys. DQ, if used alone, may lead to inappropriate identification of mast cells. These results are consistent with the literature on BALF staining methods in horses.

Equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) is the most common disease of the stomach in horses and treatment is based on the oral administration of omeprazole for at least 28 days. Aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of two formulations of oral omeprazole—powder paste and gastro-enteric resistant granules—in the treatment of naturally occurring gastric ulcers in racehorses. Thirty-two adult racehorses, aged between 2 and 10 years old, with clinical signs of EGUS were included in this blinded, randomized clinical trial. Two gastroscopies were performed to evaluate gastric lesions in the squamous or glandular mucosa before and after 28 days of treatment. After the first gastroscopy, 2/32 horses were excluded because affected by equine squamous gastric disease (ESGD) 1/4. The remaining horses were divided into 4 groups, and were treated with 2 formulations of omeprazole (gastroenteric resistant granules, group 1, or powder paste, group 3) or with 2 placebo formulations (granules, group 2, or paste, group 4). Treatments were performed in the placebo horses affected by ESGD or equine glandular gastric disease after the T28 gastroscopy control. No differences were found between groups at T0. Differences were found between T0 vs. T28 for granular (P = .002) and powder paste (P = .01) formulations. No differences were detected between the two groups receiving omeprazole formulations at T28 (0.34) and between T0 vs. T28 for either of the groups receiving placebo treatments. For all the variables, the size of the effect was greater than 0.5, proving that the treatments had a considerable effect. Gastro-enteric resistant granules and powder paste omeprazole showed similar efficacy in the treatment of ESGD. The glandular mucosa responded poorly to treatment with omeprazole.

Transcutaneous abdominal ultrasonography using alcohol saturation is used in the diagnostic workup of a variety of conditions in horses. The duration of the examination and the amount of alcohol used in each case may vary depending on several factors. The aim of this study is to describe the breath alcohol test results obtained by veterinarians performing abdominal ultrasound on horses. Six volunteers were enrolled, after written consent, and a Standardbred mare was used for the whole study protocol. Each operator performed a total of 6 ultrasounds by pouring the ethanol solution from a jar or by spray application, for a duration of 10, 30, and 60 min. An infrared breath alcohol analyzer was used immediately after completing the ultrasonography and at 5-min intervals until a negative result was obtained. Positive results were obtained for 0–60 min after the procedure. A statistically significant difference was found between the groups that used more than 1000 mL, 300–1000 mL, and less than 300 mL of ethanol. No significant differences were observed between the type of ethanol administration and the time of exposure. Based on this study, equine vets who perform ultrasound on horses can test positive at the breath alcohol test for up to 60 min following ethanol exposure.