2. Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU

Objective: Remineralising composites with antibacterial properties may seal the cavity and prevent secondary caries. This study aimed at developing experimental flowable composites containing different concentrations of fluoride-doped calcium phosphate fillers and evaluating their remineralising and antibacterial properties. Methods: Experimental resin-based composites containing different concentrations (0–20 %) of fluoride-doped calcium phosphate fillers (VS10/VS20) were formulated. The release of calcium (Ca), phosphate (PO) and fluoride (F) ions was assessed for 30 days. Remineralisation properties were evaluated through ATR-FTIR and SEM/EDX after storage in simulated body fluid (SBF). The metabolic activity and viability of Streptococcus gordonii was also evaluated through ATP, CFU and live/dead confocal microscopy. The evaluation of specific monomer elution from the experimental composites was conducted using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results: The composites containing VS10 showed the highest release of Ca, those containing VS20 released more F over time (p < 0.05), while there was no significant difference in terms of PO ions release between the groups (p > 0.05). A quick 7-day mineral precipitation was observed in the tested composites containing VS10 or VS20 at 10 %; these materials also showed the greatest antibacterial activity (p < 0.05). Moreover, the tested composites containing VS10 presented the lowest elution of monomers (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Innovative composites were developed with low monomers elution, evident antibacterial activity against S. gordonii and important remineralisation properties due to specific ions release. Clinical significance: Novel composites containing fluoride-doped calcium phosphates may be promising to modulate bacteria growth, promote remineralisation and reduce the risk of cytotoxicity related to monomers’ elution.

This study analyse the type of release kinetic of specific monomers from dental resin composites containing various fluoride-doped calcium phosphates. The release behavior of urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA), ethoxylated bisphenol-A dimethacrylate (bis-EMA) and 1.6-hexanediol ethoxylate diacrylate (HEDA) was evaluated over a period of 35 days. Two tailored calcium phosphates doped with different concentrations of fluoride salts (VS10% and VS20%) were prepared and incorporated in the dimethacrylate matrix at various concentrations to generate a range of experimental composites. The release kinetics were characterized using mathematical models such as zero-order, first-order, Peppas and Higuchi models. The results showed that the first-order model best described the release kinetics. UDMA and HEDA exhibited significant differences in release compared to bis-EMA from day 1, while no significant differences were observed between UDMA and HEDA, except on day 35, when UDMA exhibited a higher release rate than HEDA. When comparing the release of each monomer, VS20-R20% had the highest total release percentage, with 3.10 ± 0.25%, whereas the composite VS10-R5% showed the lowest release percentage, with a total of 1.66 ± 0.08%. The release kinetics were influenced by the composition of the resin composites and the presence of calcium fluoride and sodium fluoride in the calcium phosphate played a role in the maximum amounts of monomer released. In conclusion, the release of monomers from the tested resin composites followed a first-order kinetic behaviour, with an initial rapid release that decreased over time. The composition of the resin monomers and the presence of fluoride salts influenced the release kinetics. The VS10-R5% and VS10-R10% resin composites exhibited the lowest total monomer release, suggesting its potential favourable composition with reduced monomer elution. These findings contribute to understanding the release behavior of dental resin composites and provide insights for the development of resin-based bioactive dental materials.

The objective of this research was to develop and evaluate an ocular insert for the controlled drug delivery of moxifloxacin which could perhaps be used in the treatment of corneal keratitis or even bacterial endophthalmitis. We have evaluated the ex vivo ocular diffusion of moxifloxacin through rabbit cornea, both fresh and preserved under different conditions. Histological studies were also carried out. Subsequently, drug matrix inserts were prepared using bioadhesive polymers. The inserts were evaluated for their physicochemical parameters. Ophthalmic ex vivo permeation of moxifloxacin was carried out with the most promising insert. The formulate insert was thin and provided higher ocular diffusion than commercial formulations. Ocular diffusion studies revealed significant differences between fresh and frozen corneas. Histological examinations also showed differences in the thickness of stroma between fresh and frozen corneas. The ophthalmic insert we have developed allows a larger quantity of moxifloxacin to permeate through the cornea than existing commercial formulations of the drug. Ocular delivery of moxifloxacin with this insert could be a new approach for the treatment of eye diseases.

Progesterone (PG) has been shown to have a slowing effect on photoreceptor cell death in mouse models of retinitis pigmentosa when administered orally. The aim of this study was to investigate whether ophthalmically administered progesterone was able to reach neuroretina and thus, the distribution through ocular tissues of different PG formulations was studied. The effect of different initial PG concentration was also investigated. Different formulations with PG in their composition (drops, a corneal/scleral-insert and scleral-inserts) were prepared and assayed. Using whole porcine eyes, the different formulations were topically administered to the ocular surface. Frozen eyes were dissected, the PG in each tissue was extracted in acetonitrile and the amount of PG quantified by UHPLC-MS/MS. Our results show that after topical administration, PG diffuses from the ocular surface and distributes throughout all tissues of the eye. Lower levels of PG were found in sclera, choroid and neuroretina when PG was applied as drops compared to inserts. Our results also show that an increase in the initial PG concentrations applied, resulted in a statistically significant increase in the amounts of PG in aqueous humour, sclera, choroid and neuroretina.

Introducción: el cáncer de mama es la neoplasia maligna más frecuente entre las mujeres, y en España es la que produce mayor número de muertes al año. La detección precoz propicia tratamientos menos agresivos y mayores tasas de curación. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar los factores de riesgo de las mujeres que acudieron a las oficinas de farmacia participantes en el estudio: antecedentes familiares, edad y sexo, edad de concepción, enfermedad mamaria benigna, sobrepeso u obesidad, terapia hormonal (anticonceptivos orales o terapia hormonal sustitutiva), tabaco y alcohol. Material y métodos: En el estudio participaron cinco oficinas de farmacia de distintas provincias. Para el análisis de los factores de riesgo se entregó a las mujeres una breve encuesta que debían completar. Resultados y conclusiones: Tras analizar los factores de riesgo, se concluye que un 12% de las mujeres participantes tiene un riesgo elevado de padecer cáncer de mama. Desde la farmacia se puede informar a las mujeres sobre los factores de riesgo del cáncer de mama, con el fin de que apliquen las medidas necesarias para prevenir y/o detectar a tiempo esta enfermedad.

Introducción: La educación para la salud es una de las actividades que debe realizar el farmacéutico comunitario orientada hacia el paciente. Con el objetivo de conocer la influencia de la educación sanitaria en los pacientes, se realizó un estudio controlado en farmacias comunitarias de la provincia de Castellón. Material y métodos: En el estudio participaron catorce oficinas de farmacia (siete en el grupo control y siete en el grupo intervención). En todas ellas se realizó una encuesta inicial a los pacientes sobre educación para la salud. En las farmacias del grupo intervención se realizaron cinco campañas de educación sanitaria y al finalizar cada campaña los pacientes completaron una encuesta para valorar la educación sanitaria recibida. En las farmacias del grupo control se pasaron las encuestas a los pacientes pero no se realizaron las campañas de educación sanitaria. Resultados y discusión: Los pacientes están significativamente más satisfechos con la formación que reciben en las farmacias que realizan educación sanitaria. Además, se incrementa significativamente la percepción que tiene la población del farmacéutico en la oficina de farmacia como punto de referencia a la hora de ayudar a resolver sus problemas de salud. La educación sanitaria permite que los pacientes reciban formación completa acerca de temas de salud que les preocupan y les proporciona más capacidad para resolverlos por ellos mismos.

Percutaneous transdermal absorption of esculetin (6,7-dihydroxycoumarin), an oxidative damage inhibitor, was evaluated by means of in vitro permeation studies in which vertical Franz-type diffusion cells and pig ear skin were employed. To determine the absorption of esculetin, we validated a simple, accurate, precise, and rapid HPLC-UV method. Additionally, the effects of several percutaneous enhancers were studied. Pretreatment of porcine skin was performed with ethanol (control vehicle), decenoic acid, oleic acid, R-(+)-limonene, and laurocapram (Azone®) (5% in ethanol, w/w, respectively). Pretreatment of skin with oleic acid or laurocapram led to statistically significant differences in the transdermal flux of esculetin with respect to controls. Of the two enhancers, laurocapram showed the greatest capacity to enhance the flux of esculetin across pig skin.

Progesterone (PG) diminishes free radical damage and thus can afford protection against oxidative stress affecting the retina. The therapeutic use of PG is limited because it is a highly hydrophobic steroid hormone with very low solubility in water. This is the main drawback for the therapeutic application of PG at ocular level. The aims of this study were: (i) to analyze if PG causes ocular irritation (ii) to validate a HPLC method to determine PG in ex vivo studies and (iii) to evaluate PG permeation through cornea and sclera. A high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed and validated to detect PG incorporated to β-cyclodextrin using a Waters Sunfire C18 (150 × 4.6 mm) reverse-phase column packed with 5 μm silica particles using a mobile phase consisted of a mixture of acetonitrile (ACN) and pure water 80:20 (v/v), pH 7.4. The limit of detection and the limit of quantification for 50 μL injection of PG were found to be 0.42 and 1.26 μg/mL, respectively. The calibration curve showed excellent linearity over the concentration range (0.5 μg/mL to 100 μg/mL). As proof of concept, ex-vivo experiments to investigate PG permeation through cornea and sclera with vertical diffusion cells were carried out to quantify PG diffusion. Ex vivo experiments demonstrate its applicability to investigate permeation levels of PG from 6.57 ± 0.37 μg/cm2 at cornea and 8.13 ± 0.85 μg/cm2 sclera. In addition, at the end of diffusion studies the amount of PG retained in each tissue was also quantified, and it was 40.87 ± 9.84 μg/cm2 (mean ± SD; n = 6) in cornea and 56.11 ± 16.67 μg/cm2 (mean ± SD; n = 6) in sclera.

Progesterone (PG) affords neuroprotection in degenerative diseases associated to oxidative stress, such as cataracts, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and retinitis pigmentosa. The aim of this project was to develop ocular inserts for delivery of PG to the eye. Different inserts with PG in its composition were formulated and the insert with the best characteristics (59% polyvinyl alcohol, 39% polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 and 2% propylene glycol) was selected for ex vivo studies. Physical characteristics and drug release patterns of the insert were analysed. In vitro diffusion studies revealed a controlled diffusion of progesterone. Ex vivo experiments demonstrated similar trans-corneal and trans-scleral PG diffusion (corneal apparent permeability coefficient 6.46 ± 0.38 × 10-7 cm/s and scleral apparent permeability coefficient 5.87 ± 1.18 × 10- 7 cm/s; mean ± SD; n = 5). However, the amount of PG accumulated in scleras was statistically higher than in corneas (30.07 ± 9.09 μg/cm2 and 15.56 ± 4.36 μg/cm2 respectively). The PG-loaded inserts (55.6 μg/cm2) were thin, translucent, showed no irritancy (HET-CAM test) and were elastic and robust, all suitable properties for its potential use in the treatment of several ocular diseases.

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is an inherited eye disorder which triggers a cascade of retinal disorders leading to photoreceptor cell death and for which there is currently no effective treatment. The purpose of this research was to study whether ocular administration of a solution of progesterone (PG) in -cyclodextrins (CD) could delay photoreceptor cell death and counteract the gliosis process in an animal model of RP (rds mice). The possible effect of PG reaching the contralateral eye through the circulatory system was also evaluated. Finally, this research discusses and evaluates the diffusion of the drug from possible topical formulations for ocular administration of PG. A group of rds mice received one drop of a solution of PG in CD every 12 h for 10 days to the left eye, while the right eye was left untreated. Another group of rds mice (control) received the drug vehicle (PBS) on the left eye and, again, the right eye was left untreated. Once the treatment was finished on postnatal day 21, the animals were euthanized and histological immunofluorescence studies (TUNEL, GFAP, and DAPI staining) were carried out. Our results showed that the administration of a solution of PG in CD (CD-PG) as drops significantly decreased cell death and inflammation in the retina of the PG-treated eyes of rds mice. No effect was seen in the contralateral eye from PG that may have entered systemic circulation. In conclusion, CD-PG applied topically as drops to the eye decreases photoreceptor cell death in the early stages of RP, delaying vision loss and decreasing gliosis.