2. Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU

In Guatemala, three million people are at risk of contracting cutaneous leishmaniosis, primarily in the northern regions. Despite this alarming epidemiological situation, few faunistic studies of phlebotomine sand flies have been conducted in this country, which is the most populous in Central America. An entomological survey of phlebotomine sand flies was carried out from March to September, 2018 in rural, mountainous, and forested areas of six northern Guatemalan departments with active transmission of human leishmaniosis: Petén, Huehuetenango, Quiché, Alta Verapaz, Izabal, and El Progreso. CDC miniature light traps were deployed in and around homes with recent cases of leishmaniosis in children under 10 years of age. A total of 2,605 specimens of sand flies were captured and identified, belonging to three subtribes, nine genera, and 14 species (13 of which were able to be determined), with a balanced sex ratio of 0.95 males per each female. Lutzomyia longipalpis was the most abundant species in the survey, accounting for 62.61% of the total catches; however, this species was restricted to El Progreso and Huehuetenango, with Huehuetenango having the highest capture percentage (55.54%). This vector was predominantly found outdoors, mostly in extra-domicile areas (62.29%). The male/female ratio for this species was 1.94. This study, and the entomological data we present, can aid in enhancing vector control interventions in these northern departments, thereby decreasing the incidence of leishmaniosis in humans.

Nematocera are a suborder of Diptera which historically influenced human history more than any other arthropod group. Four families show a hematophagous behaviour, one being solenophagous (Culicidae), feeding directly on blood vessels, and three being telmophagous (Ceratopogonidae, Psychodidae, and Simuliidae), feeding on blood which pools at the site where their mouthparts have formed a laceration. Although mosquitoes rank first in importance, the telmophagous are also of great interest. Objectives: to update the status of these nematocerans through a transdisciplinary approach, reviewing the main characteristics of each family, the situation of the main vector-borne diseases transmitted by them in the country, especially during the 21st century, and the most relevant species or species groups from a medical and veterinary perspective. Methods: a literature search of databases was conducted and supplemented by browsing specialized journals and citation searching. Results were reviewed and filtered. Results: to date, 84 species of biting midges (Ceratopogonidae), 13 species of sand flies (Psychodidae), and 53 species of black flies (Simuliidae) have been reported in Spain. Culicoides imicola and the Obsoletus complex stand out as the most important biting midges, as they are incriminated in the transmission of bluetongue and Schmallemberg virus; Phlebotomus perniciosus and Phlebotomus ariasi are the vectors of Leishmania infantum; and Simulium erythrocephalum and the Ornatum complex cause the greater part of nuisance and bites to humans in Spain. Conclusions: there is a need to increase research capacity in Spain in order to address several health challenges arising from the presence of telmophagous Nematocera in particular, and of blood-sucking atropods in general.

Los simúlidos o moscas negras son una familia de dípteros en creciente estudio en España, debido a su interés como bioindicadores de la calidad del medio acuático y a su impacto médico-veterinario. Su estudio es limitado en las comunidades autónomas que conforman la región cantábrica, y en especial en el País Vasco, donde apenas existen trabajos sobre su ecología y descripción de las especies presentes. Se muestrearon las fases inmaduras de los simúlidos durante la primavera de 2021 en ocho cursos de agua ubicados en el núcleo urbano y suburbano de la ciudad de Vitoria-Gasteiz (Álava). Un total de ocho especies de moscas negras fueron identificadas mediante morfología clásica y análisis molecular. A partir del estudio de larvas maduras (n = 379) y de adultos emergidos (n = 351) en el laboratorio, se estimó que el grupo Simulium (Simulium) ornatum (S. intermedium, S. ornatum s.l. y S. trifasciatum) fue el conjunto de especies mayoritario, seguido del subgénero Wilhelmia (S. equinum y S. lineatum), S. (Boophthora) erythrocephalum, S. (Eusimulium) rubzovianum y Prosimulium (Prosimulium) tomosvaryi. Simulium ornatum s.l. y S. rubzovianum se capturaron en la mayoría de los cursos de agua, mientras que el resto de especies tuvieron una distribución más restringida. La riqueza de especies en los cursos de agua varió entre una y siete especies. Los sustratos de fijación más recurrentes por las fases inmaduras fueron los helófitos Typha sp. y Scirpus sp. Los simúlidos fueron más abundantes durante el primer periodo de captura. Este trabajo aporta las primeras citas de la familia Simuliidae para el País Vasco, incorpora imágenes de interés de los principales caracteres diagnósticos de larvas, pupas y adultos de las especies más abundantes, y discute sucintamente los resultados obtenidos en relación a la problemática taxonómica existente en el grupo S. ornatum.