1. Investigación
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- The role of platelets and T cells in severe allergy
2024 Actualmente, los tratamientos existentes para la alergia respiratoria grave no son eficaces en todos los casos. Se desconocen los mecanismos inmunitarios que subyacen a la progresión y el mantenimiento de los fenotipos alérgicos graves. En estudios anteriores, las PBMC de pacientes alérgicos estratificados por gravedad se analizaron mediante transcriptómica, revelando alteraciones en las funciones plaquetarias. El análisis del plasma de estos pacientes mediante metabolómica reveló alteraciones en el metabolismo energético que podrían estar relacionadas con funciones alteradas de las células T. En esta Tesis, el objetivo es comprender los mecanismos biológicos relacionados con las plaquetas y las células T de pacientes alérgicos estratificados por gravedad. Mediante plaquetoféresis, el fenotipado plaquetario de pacientes alérgicos estratificados se realizó mediante lipidómica, transcriptómica y cuantificación de proteínas. Las plaquetas de pacientes alérgicos graves mostraron niveles elevados de ceramidas, fosfoinositoles, fosfocolinas y esfingomielinas. Por el contrario, mostraron niveles reducidos de precursores de eicosanoides. RNAseq confirmó la sobreexpresión de ARNm de genes relacionados con la activación plaquetaria y el metabolismo del ácido araquidónico en los fenotipos graves. El análisis de rutas biológicas indicó la alteración de las vías NOD, MAPK, TLR, TNF e IL-17 en el fenotipo grave. Las proteínas P-Selectina e IL-17AF aumentaron en el fenotipo grave. Los resultados mostraron que las plaquetas de pacientes alérgicos graves son una fuente de lípidos proinflamatorios y presentan marcadores de transcripción y proteínas relacionados con una alta activación plaquetaria. Además, las células T de los mismos pacientes fueron fenotipadas mediante transcriptómica. Los pacientes alérgicos graves presentaron una regulación negativa de los genes relacionados con la fosforilación oxidativa, la oxidación de ácidos grasos y la glucólisis junto con una mayor expresión de genes que codifican citoquinas inflamatorias. Además, la regulación negativa de los genes implicados en la vía del TGFβ junto con una tendencia disminuida en el porcentaje de células T reguladoras, sugiere una función reguladora comprometida en pacientes asmáticos alérgicos graves. En conjunto, los resultados obtenidos muestran que los pacientes alérgicos graves presentan alteraciones plaquetarias y de células T, lo que ofrece nuevas vías para la exploración de biomarcadores para identificar a los pacientes alérgicos graves y allana el camino para el desarrollo de tratamientos personalizados para estos pacientes que actualmente carecen de terapias eficaces
- Methodologies for the study of gut microbiota by metabolomics: application to infants with cow's milk allergy, their mothers, and grandmothers
2024 Las alergias alimentarias son cada vez más prevalentes y de mayor gravedad, y la alergia a las proteínas de la leche de vaca (APLV) es una de las más importantes en lactantes. Varios estudios han sugerido que desequilibrios en la microbiota intestinal, posiblemente influenciados por la microbiota materna, juegan un papel importante en el desarrollo de APLV. La metabolómica ofrece un enfoque prometedor, ya que examina los cambios metabólicos en patologías como las alergias alimentarias. La metabolómica fecal, en concreto, es ideal para estudiar la microbiota intestinal en la APLV. Con este objetivo, se recogieron muestras fecales de lactantes con APLV, sus madres y sus abuelas, y se compararon con los respectivos grupos control. Se recogieron cuestionarios detallados para recabar información sobre variables como la dieta, el modo de nacimiento, el uso de antibióticos y los antecedentes alérgicos. El análisis metabolómico se llevó a cabo en la cohorte final de 200 muestras mediante cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas con analizador de cuadrupolo-tiempo de vuelo (GC-QTOF-MS) y electroforesis capilar con inyección multisegmento acoplada a TOF-MS (MSI-CE-TOF-MS). Con todos estos datos, la tesis se dividió en dos capítulos: el Capítulo 1 presenta la integración de los datos de metabolómica fecal y metagenómica (incluyendo secuenciación del gen 16S rRNA y shotgun) en una prueba de concepto donde se compararon los tres grupos de edad, mientras que en el Capítulo 2 se presentan las diferencias en el metaboloma fecal de los lactantes debidas a la APLV, la dieta y el modo de nacimiento. En conjunto, esta tesis aporta información valiosa sobre el desarrollo del microbioma y los metabolitos asociados a lo largo de la vida. Se necesitan más estudios para arrojar más luz sobre la interacción entre la microbiota y el desarrollo de la APLV, especialmente estudios con fenotipos más graves y el seguimiento de varios puntos temporales de recogida de muestras.
- Allergenicity of Grass Pollen From Polluted and Nonpolluted Areas Measured Using the Skin Prick Test and Basophil Activation Test
2022 In the present study, we analyzed the allergenicity of grass pollen from a large city with high levels of environmental pollution (Madrid) and a city with low levels of pollution (Ciudad Real) under real-life conditions of environmental exposure of plants, ie, in their habitat and not in a laboratory setting.
- From Bacteria to Host: Deciphering the Impact of Sphingolipid Metabolism on Food Allergic Reactions
2023-12-26 Purpose of Review Allergic diseases have become a burden in industrialized societies. Among children, food allergy (FA) constitutes a major impairment of quality of life. FA is partly due to a lack or loss of tolerance to food antigens at the level of the intestinal mucosa, where the microbiota plays a crucial role. Early changes in the composition of the gut microbiota may influence the development of the immune system and can be related to the risk of allergic diseases, including FA. This review will focus on the role of sphingolipids and the major bacteria involved in their metabolism, in the development of food antigen sensitization and FA. Recent Findings Numerous studies have identified different patterns of microbial composition between individuals with and without FA, pointing to an interaction between gut microbiota, enterocytes, and immune cells. When this interaction is lost and an imbalance in the composition of the intestinal microbiota occurs, the integrity of the epithelial barrier may be altered, leading to intestinal permeability and sensitization to food antigens and the development of FA. Gram- negative bacteria, especially those of the Proteobacteria phylum, have been associated with the development of FA. Investigating the interactions between the intestinal microbiota and the immune system, their influence on intestinal barrier function, and their production of metabolites and signaling molecules may contribute to understanding the pathogenesis of FA. Summary Sphingolipids, a class of bioactive amphipathic lipids found in cell membranes, have emerged as critical regulators of inflammation. In this review, we will attempt to summarize the existing knowledge on the role of these molecules and the major bacteria involved in their metabolism in the mechanisms underlying sensitization to food antigens and the development of FA.
- Vaccines and allergic reactions: The past, the current COVID-19 pandemic, and future perspectives
2021-06 Vaccines are essential public health tools with a favorable safety profile and prophylactic effectiveness that have historically played significant roles in reducing infectious disease burden in populations, when the majority of individuals are vaccinated. The COVID-19 vaccines are expected to have similar positive impacts on health across the globe. While serious allergic reactions to vaccines are rare, their underlying mechanisms and implications for clinical management should be considered to provide individuals with the safest care possible. In this review, we provide an overview of different types of allergic adverse reactions that can potentially occur after vaccination and individual vaccine components capable of causing the allergic adverse reactions. We present the incidence of allergic adverse reactions during clinical studies and through post-authorization and post-marketing surveillance and provide plausible causes of these reactions based on potential allergenic components present in several common vaccines. Additionally, we review implications for individual diagnosis and management and vaccine manufacturing overall. Finally, we suggest areas for future research.
- Biomarcadores asociados a asma grave y poliposis nasosinusal
2023-02-24 El asma puede presentar múltiples fenotipos, como el asma alérgico o no alérgico. Su tratamiento es complejo, existiendo pacientes graves que no responden a las medicaciones actualmente disponibles, sufren exacerbaciones frecuentes y presentan comorbilidades como la poliposis nasosinusal. La estratificación de pacientes mediante el uso de biomarcadores permitiría mejorar el tratamiento y descubrir nuevas dianas terapéuticas. Para identificar biomarcadores de estratificación por gravedad, se estudiaron pacientes asmáticos alérgicos estratificados por gravedad utilizando metabolómica y proteómica. Los pacientes con asma grave no controlado presentaron una activación característica de las rutas del ácido araquidónico, la fosfolipasa A2, y la respuesta Th2. Además, para evaluar la contribución del fenotipo alérgico al asma, se realizó un análisis metabolómico de pacientes graves no controlados con y sin alergia. Los pacientes asmáticos alérgicos mostraron una activación de la ruta de la fosfolipasa A2 y una alteración en el perfil de ácidos biliares. Por último, para conocer el papel sistémico y local de la alergia en la poliposis nasal, se estudiaron pacientes con poliposis con y sin alergia utilizando metabolómica de suero y tejido y análisis histológicos. Los pacientes alérgicos presentaron niveles reducidos de lisofosfolípidos, bilirrubina y cortisol; y un mayor número de eosinófilos en sus pólipos.
- Deciphering the role of platelets in severe allergy by an integrative omics approach.
2022-12-17 Background: Mechanisms causing the onset and perpetuation of inflammation in severe allergic patients remain unknown. Our previous studies suggested that severe allergic inflammation is linked to platelet dysfunction. Methods: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and platelet-poor plasma (PPP) samples were obtained by platelet-apheresis from severe (n = 7) and mild (n = 10) allergic patients and nonallergic subjects (n = 9) to perform platelet lipidomics by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC–MS) and RNA-seq analysis. Significant metabolites and transcripts were used to identify compromised biological pathways in the severe phenotype. Platelet and inflammation-related proteins were quantified by Luminex. Results: Platelets from severe allergic patients were characterized by high levels of ceramides, phosphoinositols, phosphocholines, and sphingomyelins. In contrast, they showed a decrease in eicosanoid precursor levels. Biological pathway analysis performed with the significant lipids revealed the alteration of phospholipases, calcium-dependent events, and linolenic metabolism. RNAseq confirmed mRNA overexpression of genes related to platelet activation and arachidonic acid metabolism in the severe phenotypes. Pathway analysis indicated the alteration of NOD, MAPK, TLR, TNF, and IL-17 pathways in the severe phenotype. P-Selectin and IL-17AF proteins were increased in the severe phenotype. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that platelet lipid, mRNA, and protein content is different according to allergy severity. These findings suggest that platelet load is a potential source of biomarkers and a new chance for therapeutic targets in severe inflammatory pathologies.
- Understanding the role of metabolism in the acquisition of severe allergic phenotypes
2022-12-01 La alergia es una enfermedad crónica en la que el sistema inmune reacciona de una manera desmesurada contra una sustancia externa del ambiente. A pesar de que recientemente se han hecho muchos descubrimientos en la fisiopatología alérgica, los mecanismos moleculares que la controlan no son del todo conocidos. Previamente descubrimos que pacientes alérgicos graves presentaban manifestaciones clínicas no descritas con anterioridad incluyendo un extenso remodelado en la mucosa oral y cambios metabólicos a nivel sistémico que implicaban a los linfocitos T. Debido a ello, hipotetizamos que los cambios observado en la mucosa y el metabolismo en pacientes alérgicos graves no solo están asociados con la fisiopatología alérgica si no que dictan la respuesta alérgica. Para comprobarlo, primero analizamos si los cambios en la barrera epitelial respiratoria tienen asociados cambios metabólicos a su vez que puedan ser utilizados potencialmente como biomarcadores de su estado. Además, comprobamos si los cambios metabólicos sistémicos observados previamente tienen algún efecto sobre la función de los linfocitos T y el desarrollo de la enfermedad. En esta tesis se concluyó que los cambios metabólicos en mucosa respiratoria y células T puedan están estrechamente relacionados en la patofisiología alérgica.
- Omics technologies in allergy and asthma research: an EAACI position paper.
2022-06-05 Allergic diseases and asthma are heterogenous chronic inflammatory conditions with several distinct complex endotypes. Both environmental and genetic factors can influence the development and progression of allergy. Complex pathogenetic pathways observed in allergic disorders present a challenge in patient management and successful targeted treatment strategies. The increasing availability of high-throughput omics technologies, such as genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics allows studying biochemical systems and pathophysiological processes underlying allergic responses. Additionally, omics techniques present clinical applicability by functional identification and validation of biomarkers. Therefore, finding molecules or patterns characteristic for distinct immune-inflammatory endotypes, can subsequently influence its development, progression, and treatment. There is a great potential to further increase the effectiveness of single omics approaches by integrating them with other omics, and nonomics data. Systems biology aims to simultaneously and longitudinally understand multiple layers of a complex and multifactorial disease, such as allergy, or asthma by integrating several, separated data sets and generating a complete molecular profile of the condition. With the use of sophisticated biostatistics and machine learning techniques, these approaches provide in-depth insight into individual biological systems and will allow efficient and customized healthcare approaches, called precision medicine. In this EAACI Position Paper, the Task Force “Omics technologies in allergic research” broadly reviewed current advances and applicability of omics techniques in allergic diseases and asthma research, with a focus on methodology and data analysis, aiming to provide researchers (basic and clinical) with a desk reference in the field. The potential of omics strategies in understanding disease pathophysiology and key tools to reach unmet needs in allergy precision medicine, such as successful patients’ stratification, accurate disease prognosis, and prediction of treatment efficacy and successful prevention measures are highlighted.
- The Importance of Metabolism for Immune Homeostasis in Allergic Diseases.
2021-09-16 There is increasing evidence that the metabolic status of T cells and macrophages is associated with severe phenotypes of chronic inflammation, including allergic inflammation. Metabolic changes in immune cells have a crucial role in their inflammatory or regulatory responses. This notion is reinforced by metabolic diseases influencing global energy metabolism, such as diabetes or obesity, which are known risk factors of severity in inflammatory conditions, due to the metabolic-associated inflammation present in these patients. Since several metabolic pathways are closely tied to T cell and macrophage differentiation, a better understanding of metabolic alterations in immune disorders could helpto restore andmodulate immune cell functions. This link between energy metabolism and inflammation can be studied employing animal, human or cellular models. Analytical approaches rank from classic immunological studies to integrated analysis of metabolomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics. This review summarizes the main metabolic pathways of the cells involved in the allergic reaction with a focus on T cells and macrophages and describes different models and platforms of analysis used to study the immune system and its relationship with metabolism.