1. Investigación

Background: Chronic kidney disease is closely related to a high risk of death and disability, poor physical performance and frailty. The main objective of this research was to analyse how intradialytic administration of a non-immersive virtual reality (VR) exercise programme would affect physical function and adherence to exercise in these patients. Methods: A total of 56 individuals participated in two 12-week periods in a crossover randomized controlled trial. Each patient underwent a functional capacity evaluation before and after each study period. The functional tests administered included the 4-m gait speed test, Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), timed up-and-go (TUG) test, one-legged stance test (OLST) for balance, sit-to-stand 10 (STS-10) and sit-to-stand 60 (STS-60) tests and 6-min walking test (6MWT). Adherence to the exercise programme was also recorded. To assess the effect of VR exercise on the functional test outcomes over time, the patients were analysed using a two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance with time and treatment as the within-participant factors. Results: By the end of the 12 weeks of exercise, compared with the control period, 33 participants showed significant change in physical function as measured through the 4-m gait speed test (0.14 m/s), SPPB (1.2 points), TUG (−1.7 s), OLST (7.1 s), STS-10 (−5.8 s), STS-60 (5 repetitions) and 6MWT (85.2 m), with adherence rates exceeding 70%. There were no changes in the biochemical data or in the medications in the period of the study. Conclusion: An intradialytic non-immersive VR exercise programme improves patient physical function.

Background. The medial longitudinal arch of the foot is a variable structure, and a decrease in its height could affect several functions and increase the risk of injuries in the lower limbs. There are many different techniques for evaluating it. Objective. The objective of this study was to evaluate the correlations of the Navicular Drop Test, several footprint parameters, and the Foot Posture Index-6 in people with a low medial longitudinal arch. Intrarater reliability and interrater reliability were also estimated. Design. This was a repeated-measures, observational descriptive study. Methods. Seventy-one participants (53.5% women; mean age = 24.13 years; SD = 3.41) were included. All of the parameters were collected from the dominant foot. The correlation coefficients were calculated. The reliability was also calculated using the intraclass correlation coefficient, 95% CI, and kappa coefficient. Results. Statistically significant correlations were obtained between the Navicular Drop Test and the footprint parameters, with r absolute values ranging from 0.722 to 0.788. The Navicular Drop Test and the Foot Posture Index-6 showed an excellent correlation (Spearman correlation coefficient = 0.8), and good correlations (Spearman correlation coefficient = |0.663–0.703|) were obtained between the footprint parameters and the Foot Posture Index-6. Excellent intrarater reliability and interrater reliability were obtained for all of the parameters. Limitations. Radiographic parameters, the gold standard for evaluating the medial longitudinal arch height, were not used. In addition, the results of this research cannot be generalized to people with normal and high medial longitudinal arches. Conclusions. In participants with a low medial longitudinal arch, the Navicular Drop Test showed significant correlations with footprint parameters; correlations were good for the arch angle and Chippaux-Smirnak Index, and excellent for the Staheli Index. The Foot Posture Index-6 showed an excellent correlation with the Navicular Drop Test and a good correlation with the footprint parameters evaluated. All of the parameters showed high reliability

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlation among the navicular drop test, the arch angle, the Staheli index and the Chippaux-Smirak index. The reliability and the correlation among the footprint parameters were also estimated. Methods: A cross-sectional study (n = 86; 59.3% women; 27.8 years, standard deviation: 4.8 years) was carried out. The navicular drop test was evaluated and footprint parameters using a plantar pressure platform were recorded in the dominant foot. Pearson correlation coefficients, intraclass correlation coefficient, standard error of measurement, and minimum detectable change were calculated. Results: Both intrarater and interrater reliability were excellent for all the parameters evaluated (intraclass correlation coefficients N 0.880). Statistically significant correlations existed between the navicular drop test and footprints parameters (arch angle = 0,643; Staheli index = 0.633; Chippaux-Smirak index = 0.614). The footprint parameters had excellent correlation with each other (0.838-0.881). The navicular drop test and the footprint parameters studied were reproducible and thus had excellent reliability. Conclusion: The correlations obtained between the navicular drop test and the footprint parameters evaluated were good. The navicular drop test appears to be a reproducible, valid, and simple test for evaluating medial longitudinal arch height, having fewer disadvantages than using footprint parameters.

Abstract Objectives: To evaluate the reliability of the used diagnostic criteria of latent trigger points (LTrPs) and pressure pain thresholds and to evaluate the prevalence of LTrPs in several muscles of the lower limb in subjects with a lower medial longitudinal arch (MLA) compared with controls. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: University campus. Participants: Subjects with a lower limb MLA (nZ82) and controls (nZ82) (NZ164). Interventions: Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures: The navicular drop test was used to classify subjects with a lower MLA ( 10mm) and controls (5e9mm). The Simons et al recommended specific diagnostic criteria and pressure pain thresholds were used to evaluate the prevalence of LTrPs in several muscles of the lower limb, which was compared between the 2 groups. The reliability was evaluated using Cohen’s kappa and intraclass correlation coefficient. The unpaired Student t test and chi-square test were used to evaluate the difference in the LTrP prevalence between the 2 groups. Results: The intrarater reliability of the navicular drop test and the diagnosis of LTrPs was excellent, with the taut band and tender spot being the most reliable diagnostic criteria. In the lower MLA group, 60 subjects (73%) presented at least 1 LTrP whereas 57 controls (70%) presented at least 1 LTrP. The lower MLA group showed more LTrPs (4.464.10) than did controls (3.323.24) (P<.05). There were significantly (P<.05) more subjects with LTrPs in the flexor digitorum longus, tibialis anterior, and vastus medialis in the lower MLA group than in the control group. Conclusions: LTrPs are common in the lower limb muscles in both controls and subjects with a lower MLA. A lower MLA is associated with a higher prevalence of LTrPs, which are significant in the flexor digitorum longus, tibialis anterior, and vastus medialis.

Background. The medial longitudinal arch of the foot is a variable structure, and a decrease in its height could affect several functions and increase the risk of injuries in the lower limbs. There are many different techniques for evaluating it. Objective. The objective of this study was to evaluate the correlations of the Navicular Drop Test, several footprint parameters, and the Foot Posture Index-6 in people with a low medial longitudinal arch. Intrarater reliability and interrater reliability were also estimated. Design. This was a repeated-measures, observational descriptive study. Methods. Seventy-one participants (53.5% women; mean age = 24.13 years; SD = 3.41) were included. All of the parameters were collected from the dominant foot. The correlation coefficients were calculated. The reliability was also calculated using the intraclass correlation coefficient, 95% CI, and kappa coefficient. Results. Statistically significant correlations were obtained between the Navicular Drop Test and the footprint parameters, with r absolute values ranging from 0.722 to 0.788. The Navicular Drop Test and the Foot Posture Index-6 showed an excellent correlation (Spearman correlation coefficient = 0.8), and good correlations (Spearman correlation coefficient = |0.663–0.703|) were obtained between the footprint parameters and the Foot Posture Index-6. Excellent intrarater reliability and interrater reliability were obtained for all of the parameters. Limitations. Radiographic parameters, the gold standard for evaluating the medial longitudinal arch height, were not used. In addition, the results of this research cannot be generalized to people with normal and high medial longitudinal arches. Conclusions. In participants with a low medial longitudinal arch, the Navicular Drop Test showed significant correlations with footprint parameters; correlations were good for the arch angle and Chippaux-Smirnak Index, and excellent for the Staheli Index. The Foot Posture Index-6 showed an excellent correlation with the Navicular Drop Test and a good correlation with the footprint parameters evaluated. All of the parameters showed high reliability.