Browsing by Author "Muriach Saurí, María"

Different mechanisms have been suggested for cocaine neurotoxicity, including oxidative stress alterations. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), considered a sensor of oxidative stress and inflammation, is involved in drug toxicity and addiction. NF-κB is a key mediator for immune responses that induces microglial/macrophage activation under inflammatory processes and neuronal injury/degeneration. Although cerebellum is commonly associated to motor control, muscular tone, and balance. Its relation with addiction is getting relevance, being associated to compulsive and perseverative behaviors. Some reports indicate that cerebellar microglial activation induced by cannabis or ethanol, promote cerebellar alterations and these alterations could be associated to addictive-related behaviors. After considering the effects of some drugs on cerebellum, the aim of the present work analyzes pro-inflammatory changes after cocaine exposure. Rats received daily 15 mg/kg cocaine i.p., for 18 days. Reduced and oxidized forms of glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity and glutamate were determined in cerebellar homogenates. NF-κB activity, CD68, and GFAP expression were determined. Cerebellar GPx activity and GSH/GSSG ratio are significantly decreased after cocaine exposure. A significant increase of glutamate concentration is also observed. Interestingly, increased NF-κB activity is also accompanied by an increased expression of the lysosomal mononuclear phagocytic marker ED1 without GFAP alterations. Current trends in addiction biology are focusing on the role of cerebellum on addictive behaviors. Cocaine-induced cerebellar changes described herein fit with previosus data showing cerebellar alterations on addict subjects and support the proposed role of cerebelum in addiction.

Introducción. En la actualidad, el cáncer de mama es la neoplasia diagnosticada con mayor frecuencia entre las mujeres de todo el mundo y también la principal causa de muerte entre las mismas. Gracias a los avances en la investigación y al desarrollo de nuevas tendencias diagnósticas y terapéuticas, cada vez existe una mayor concienciación sobre la necesidad de un planteamiento multidisciplinar para el correcto tratamiento de la enfermedad en todas sus fases. Para que los equipos multidisciplinarios funcionen de forma óptima es imprescindible que cada miembro posea una formación altamente cualificada y especializada en patología mamaria añadida a la propia de su profesión, tal y como se establecen en las recomendaciones de EUSOMA. Dentro del equipo, el profesional de enfermería desempeña un papel muy importante como pieza clave de los cuidados holísticos del paciente. Debido a los escasos estudios existentes sobre esta figura en las unidades de mama, se hace necesario la realización de nuevos estudios que pongan de manifiesto cuáles son las funciones que desarrolla, su grado de participación como miembros del equipo multidisciplinar, así como la necesidad de una formación especializada para garantizar la calidad de los cuidados. Material y método. Estudio transversal, realizado sobre una muestra de 145 profesionales de enfermería que trabajan en los servicios de patología mamaria de 233 hospitales nacionales. La recogida de información se realizó mediante un cuestionario autocumplimentado, previamente validado, sobre el conocimiento, opiniones y actitudes de dichos profesionales sobre las unidades de mama españolas. La encuesta consistió en 40 preguntas y se envió por correo postal desde la provincia de Castellón. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de variables, un análisis correlacional y un ACM. Resultados. Se ha obtenido un instrumento de medida adecuado para la recopilación de las características que definen a las unidades de mama españolas y a su personal enfermero. La tasa de participación de los hospitales con unidad de mama (62.23%) fue satisfactoria. Destaca el alto porcentaje de encuestados que trabajan en las unidades de mama de manera preferente o exclusiva (73.8%), la existencia de protocolos escritos sobre el diagnóstico y tratamiento (90%), así como el elevado número de hospitales con consulta dedicada sólo a patología mamaria (86.21% de respuestas). El profesional de enfermería desarrolla numerosas funciones dentro de las unidades, predominando el asesoramiento a las pacientes afectas de cáncer de mama (90.34%), el manejo de los drenajes (76.55%) y el seguimiento postoperatorio de las heridas quirúrgicas (75.86%). Asimismo, se siente reconocido en la unidad y muestra un gran interés por la formación continuada y por la especialización en oncología mamaria con el fin de proporcionar a las pacientes unos cuidados de la más alta calidad. Conclusiones. Las unidades de mama se encuentran ampliamente distribuidas en el territorio nacional, aunque de una manera heterogénea y sin un patrón definido. El profesional de enfermería se sitúa como un elemento básico en las mismas debido al importante papel que desempeña. El apoyo emocional e informativo a las pacientes favoreciendo el desarrollo de nuevas habilidades es la labor más realizada por el personal de enfermería de las unidades de mama. Actualmente existe una formación muy limitada en patología mamaria para enfermería, por lo que se hace necesaria la promoción de una educación especializada implantando títulos de postgrado en este ámbito, así como la posibilidad de la Especialización en Oncología Mamaria como una nueva especialidad en enfermería a propuesta del Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia y del Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo. / Introduction. Currently, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed neoplasm among women worldwide and the main cause of death among them. Thanks to the advances in research and development of new diagnostic and therapeutic trends, there is an increasing and greater awareness of the necesity of a multidisciplinary approach for the proper treatment of the disease at all stages. In order to multidisciplinary teams to function optimally, highly skilled and extra- specialized training in breast disease for each member is essential in addition to that of his/her own profession, as EUSOMA recommends. Within the multidisciplinary team, the nurse plays a very important role as a key member of holistic patient care. Because of the few studies on this figure in breast units, it is necesary the realization of new ones that reveal what the functions carried out, their level of involvement as members of the multidisciplinary team, as well as the need about a necessary specialized to ensure the quality of care training. Material and Method. A cross sectional study conducted on a sample of 145 nurses working in breast disease services of 233 national hospitals is presented. The collection of information was performed by a satisfaction questionnaire, previously validated on knowledge, opinions and attitudes of these professionals on Spanish breast units. The survey was consisted of 40 questions, and was sent by post from the province of Castellón. A descriptive analysis of variables, a correlational analysis and an ACM was conducted. Results. A suitable measuring instrument for the collection of the defining characteristics of Spanish breast units and their nursing staff was obtained. The participation rate of hospitals with breast unit (62.23%) was satisfactory. A high percentage of participants (73.8%) were full time or preferent and treatment (90%) and the large number of hospitals with consultation dedicated only to breast disease (86.21% response rate) were remarkable. The nurse staff develops numerous ial workers in the breast units. The existence of written protocols for the diagnosis functions within units predominating the advice to patients affected breast cáncer (90.34%), management of drains (76.55%) and postoperative scars follow-up (75.86%). and shows great interest in continuing education and specialization in breast oncology in order to provide patients the highest quality care. Conclusions. Breast units are widely distributed in the national territory, even in a heterogeneous manner without a definite pattern. The nurse staff are a staple in them because they have an important role. The emotional and informational support to patients by encouraging the development of new skills is the most performed task by the nursing staff breast units. Actually, there are a very limited training in breast disease for nursing, so the promotion of specialized education implanting graduate degrees in this area is necessary, as well as the possibility of Specialization in Breast Oncology like a new specialty in nursing proposed by the Ministry of Education and Science and the Ministry of Health.

Cocaine can induce severe neurobehavioral changes, among others, the ones involved in learning and memory processes. It is known that during drug consumption, cocaine-associated memory and learning processes take place. However, much less is known about the effects of this drug upon the mechanisms involved in forgetting.The present report focuses on the mechanisms by which cocaine affects memory consolidation of experiences acquired prior to drug administration. We also study the involvement of hippocampus in these processes, with special interest on the role of Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor 2B (GluN2B), and their relationship with other proteins, such as cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB). For this purpose, we developed a rat experimental model of chronic cocaine administration in which spatial memory and the expression or activity of several proteins in the hippocampus were assessed after 36 days of drug administration. We report an impairment in memory acquisition of experiences gathered prior to cocaine administration, associated to an increase in GluN2B expression in the hippocampus. We also demonstrate a decrease in NF-κB activity, as well as in the expression of the active form of CREB, confirming the role of these transcription factors in the cocaine-induced memory impairment.

Aims. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the presence of oxidative damage and to quantify its level in gestational diabetes. Methods. Thirty-six healthy women and thirty-six women with gestational diabetes were studied in the three trimesters of pregnancy regarding their levels of oxidative stress markers. These women were diagnosed with diabetes in the second trimester of pregnancy. Blood glucose levels after 100g glucose tolerance test were higher than 190, 165 or 145 mg/dl, 1, 2 or 3 hours after glucose intake. Results. The group of women with gestational diabetes had higher serum malondialdehyde levels, with significant differences between groups in the first and second trimester. The mean values of serum glutathione peroxidase activity in the diabetic women were significantly lower in the first trimester. In the group of women with gestational diabetes there was a negative linear correlation between serum malondialdehyde concentration and glutathione peroxidase activity in the second and third trimester. Conclusions. In this observational and longitudinal study in pregnant women, the alterations attributable to oxidative stress were present before the biochemical detection of the HbA1c increase. Usual recommendations once GD is detected (adequate metabolic control, as well as any other normally proposed to these patients) lowered the concentration of malondialdehyde at the end of pregnancy to the same levels of the healthy controls. Serum glutathione peroxidase activity in women with gestational diabetes increased during the gestational period.