Structures, Phase Fields, and Mixed Protonic–Electronic Conductivity of Ba-Deficient, Pr-Substituted BaZr0.7Ce0.2Y0.1O3−δ

Abstract

The BaZr0.7Ce0.2Y0.1O3−δ–BaPrO3−δ perovskite system, of interest for high-temperature electrochemical applications involving mixed protonic–electronic conductivity, forms a solid-solution with a wide interval of Ba substoichiometry in the range Ba(Ce0.2Zr0.7)1–xPrxY0.1O3−δ, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1. Structural phase transitions mapped as a function of temperature and composition by high-resolution neutron powder diffraction and synchrotron X-ray diffraction reveal higher symmetry for lower Pr content and higher temperatures, with the largest stability field observed for rhombohedral symmetry (space group, R3̅c). Rietveld refinement, supported by magnetic-susceptibility measurements, indicates that partitioning of the B-site cations over the A and B perovskite sites compensates Ba substoichiometry in preference to A-site vacancy formation and that multiple cations are distributed over both sites. Electron–hole transport dominates electrical conductivity in both wet and dry oxidizing conditions, with total conductivity reaching a value of ∼0.5 S cm–1 for the x = 1 end-member in dry air at 1173 K. Higher electrical conductivity and the displacement of oxygen loss to higher temperatures with increasing Pr content both reflect the role of Pr in promoting hole formation at the expense of oxygen vacancies. In more reducing conditions (N2) and at low Pr contents, conductivity is higher in humidified atmospheres (∼0.023 atm pH2O) indicating a protonic contribution to transport, whereas the greater electron–hole conductivity with increasing Pr content results in lower conductivity in humidified N2 due to the creation of protonic defects and the consumption of holes.