Disposition of ethanol and acetaldehyde in late pregnant rats and their fetuses.

Abstract

The pattern of ethanol and acetaldehyde appearance in blood after ari oral ethanol gavage (4 g/kg body wt) was not different at 12 or 21 days' gestation compared to virgin rats. Five min after maternal ethanol administration, concentrations of ethanol in fetal blood were lower than in maternal blood; however, at 15 min after ethanol administration, fetal and maternal blood levels were similar. Ethanol concentrations in fetal blood and amniotic fluid were already at equilibrium 5 min after ethanol administration. Acetaldehyde concentrations in fetal blood and in amniotic fluid were undetectable at all the times investigated, with the exception of fetuses from two pregnant rats studied 3 h after ethanol administration. Alcohol dehydrogenase activity in fetal liver and in placenta at late pregnancy was very low or undetectable, suggesting a very low rate of ethanol oxidation in vivo. After intravenous administration of acetaldehyde (10 mg/kg body wt), blood acetaldehyde concentrations were higher in pregnant than in virgin rats. Acetaldehyde concentrations in fetal blood and in amniotic fluid were similar to maternal blood at 2, 5, and 30 min after injection. When circulating concentrations of maternal and fetal acetaldehyde, obtained after either ethanol or acetaldehyde administration, were plotted, it was found that fetal blood concentrations of acetaldehyde were only detectable when maternal blood concentrations were greater than 80 µM. Concerning the acetaldehyde oxidation capacity, both the high and low affinity components of aldehyde dehydrogenase activity in fetal liver and placenta were very low as compared with maternal liver. However, aldehyde dehydrogenase activity in fetal liver was much higher than in placenta. It is proposed that ethanol present in the feto/placental unit is metabolized mainly by the maternal liver and that there is a threshold for acetaldehyde above which the capacity for acetaldehyde metabolism is surpassed.