is the use of a negative verb of judgement (Maldonado González, 1999: 3562) together with the qualifying adjective traitor, which is placed before the acronym of the party that is heading the Basque Government:

[Ex. 38]. Abascal accuses the “traitorous” PNV (Basque Nationalist Party) of violence against Vox: “They have left us at the mercy of enraged dogs” (El Español, 14/04/2019)

Such an adjective, when appearing in quotation marks, can be easily understood by the reader as a sign of discursive heterogeneity, although it is not until the penultimate paragraph of the news7 that this is specifically credited to the Vox leader:

[Ex. 39]. The leader of the green party... defended Spain as being “much more alive than its enemies think”. Among them was Abascal, who once again quoted the PNV and Pedro Sánchez, whom he accused of relying on the Basque Nationalists, who make up “the most treacherous party” of all, in his opinion (El Español, 14/04/2019)

Similarly, another of the procedures for reproducing the discourse of others that is present in the journals analysed is implicit quotation, characterised by the fact that the indicated reported speech lacks explicit attribution to a specific person. Therefore, this procedure is an example of discursive heterogeneity, an expository detachment of the journalist who declines his or her illocutionary responsibility in one part of the discourse, which allows the journalist to show an ironic attitude or critical stance, as one might experience when reading the next headline:

[Ex. 40]. Vox and its “false” and “manipulated” conception of the Reconquest (El País, 12/04/2019)

The qualifying adjectives in [Ex. 40] appear in quotation marks, so it can be inferred that this is a quotation, yet the source from which they come is not specified. One might say that the purpose of this headline, published in the early hours of 12 April 2019 on the digital front page of El País, is to attract the reader’s attention with the aim of having them access the hyperlink of the news. This is the only way for them to know that such assessments of Vox’s ideology were not formulated by the newspaper itself, but by so-called “expert historians of the Middle Ages”, as the following subtitle states:

[Ex. 41]. Expert historians of the Middle Ages claim that the term was never used during that period and that it refers to an erroneous and anachronistic view of history (El País, 12/04/2019)

Perhaps as an epistemological safeguard, in the 14:53 h. edition the decision was made to include a reference to the source in the headline in order to delimit the quotation, although it was not very specific:

[Ex. 42]. Vox’s idea of la Reconquista (the Reconquest) is “false” and “manipulated”, according to experts (El País, 12/04/2019)

3.3. The framing strategy at the enunciative level

Finally, there are three main aspects that Gallardo Paúls (2021, in press) identifies in the analysis of the enunciative framework, which are elements with the objective of discovering the communicative intention present in the headlines: