252 | nº 31, pp. 251-264 | doxa.comunicación
July-December of 2020
Two explorations of hate speech against the Andalusian variety, from the bookish tradition to the digital press
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
1. Theoretical and methodological remark
The so-called hate speech1 is a very current issue and a sign about it is, for example, the choice of aporophobia ‛reject the poor’ as the Word of the Year 2017 for the Fundación del Español Urgente (Fundéurae); or, this time focused on the topic we are dealing with, the designation of this circumstance as andalufobia, which has begun to circulate on social networks. Under the umbrella of this communicative action, a continuum of discriminatory practices in all social spheres is sheltered, with extremes ranging from the most punishable actions (homophobia, xenophobia...) to the most tolerable ones, among which is contempt for everything that is Andalusian through its association with certain stereotyping features, which can be observed from the field of study of Sociology (economic conditions, cultural level, picturesque types...), Psychology (grace, attitude towards life, sympathy...) and Dialectology (the way of speaking). As for the latter, the numerous discursive samples are spread through literary tradition, and audiovisual and communication media. In this work, we will analyse a representative corpus extracted, on the one hand, from our experience as researchers of the dialectal variety that is the object of study, and the sociological and psychological traits that are usually associated with it; and on the other hand, in the case of the examples related to the media, obtained from the Virtual Linguistic Archive hosted on the website of the “Lengua y Prensa” project. The two sections of the corpus correspond to explorations in the analysis of hate speech against the Andalusian variety, represented by two different perspectives: philological and linguistic. Throughout the article, when it may be convenient, the rudimentary methodological tool will be specified.
1 We use this phrase following the definition of Council of Europe (2015: 3-4), where it is stated that “el discurso de odio debe entenderse como fomento, promoción o instigación, en cualquiera de sus formas, del odio, la humillación o el menosprecio de una persona o grupo de personas, así como el acoso, descrédito, difusión de estereotipos negativos, estigmatización o amenaza con respecto a dicha persona o grupo de personas y la justificación de esas manifestaciones por razones de “raza”, color, ascendencia, origen nacional o étnico, edad, discapacidad, lengua, religión o creencias, sexo, género, identidad de género, orientación sexual y otras características o condición personales” (our italics). Furthermore, consult the work of Díaz Soto (2015), who reviews the concept in the international legal framework.
of the literary representation of Andalusian and of the linguistic ideologies reflected in the media. The latter are inventoried in a resource available to the entire academic community, such as the Virtual Linguistic Archive of the “Lengua y Prensa” project (www.lenguayprensa.uma.es). The analysis of some crucial landmarks will serve to reinforce a fundamental conclusion: despite the disguise of innocence with which it is usually dressed (through its association with grace, humour or sympathy as an object of anthropological study), on other occasions the hate speech to Andalusian reveals the crudest intention of the person who issues it: personal disqualification, contempt for a society or position of superiority.
Keywords:
Spanish language; Andalusian variety; discourse analysis; linguis-tic ideologies; hate speech.
resultado de nuestra experiencia como investigadores de la repre-sentación literaria del andaluz y las actitudes lingüísticas reflejadas en los medios de comunicación, inventariadas estas últimas en un recurso disponible para toda la comunidad académica, como es la Hemeroteca Lingüística Virtual del proyecto Lengua y Prensa (www.lenguayprensa.uma.es). El análisis de algunos hitos cruciales ser-virá para reforzar una conclusión fundamental: pese al disfraz de inocencia con que suele arroparse (mediante su asociación a la gra-cia, al humor o a la simpatía como objeto de estudio antropológico), en otras ocasiones el discurso del odio al andaluz se despoja de todo ropaje para revelarse la más cruda intención de quien lo emite: la descalificación personal, el desprecio a una sociedad o la posición de superioridad.
Palabras clave:
Lengua española; variedad andaluza; análisis del discurso; ideologías lingüísticas; discurso del odio.
